Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap- 1 class 11

Chapter 1

India-Geographicl fearures and their impact on Indian History

History = Chronology + Geography
Indian subcontinent = Pakistan + India +Nepal + Bhuttan + Bangladesh

Geography of Indian subcontinent= Himalya + plain + Deccan pleatue

North India:
Isolated from central area…some passes to connect==Khyber pass(Afganistan) , Bolan pass(Baluchistan connect) , golam , kurram
Swat valley in north pakistan = Alexender invadded ===large army =valley needed
Diversity = Aryan + greeks + turks + Scyntian + huns etc

connection : at present KARAKORAM HIGHWAY connects India with central asia.
Plains of Indus + ganga + brahmputra formed a fertile basin

South India:
Isolation = Vindhya , Narmada, Satpura, Tapi, dense forest of satpura……
Doab b/w Krishna and Tiunghbhadra = bone of conttention b/w kings*
Satvahna took krishna delta region===fertility
Rock cut architecture = igneus rock easy to cut.
Coast line:
West = Konkan(till goa) à Kanara à Malabar
East= coromondal cost (till andhra)
passes in western cost === > palaghat à trade with Romans.
Highest peak===Anaimudi.
second highest peak===Doddabeta(on Nilgiri)
Portsà Arikamedu , Mammalpuram, Kaveripatnam (all in coromandal cost)

Cultural unity:
Always existed= Ramayna , Mahabharta, Pali and Sanskrit language in Sangam and Dravidian language, in Vedic, Traders recognised entire subcontinent as Bharat of Hindustan.

Political Unity:
Mauryan Empire + Gupta Empire + Mughals

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President

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