Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap-7 Class 11

Chapter 7


Post Moryan  India

SUNGHA à à à  KANVA à à à ANDHRA

Introduction:
--Weak successor of Ashoka à Provinces declare Independence= Kalinga, Satvahna in south etc
--Moryan confined to Ganga Valley à overthrown by their own commander-in-chief = Pushyamitra Sungha.

--Manusmriti = was written 1st cent BCE to 1st Cent AD ===Contains advise like= kings should secretly burry land markers(stone/cow hair/bone etc) to demarcate land____will be usefull to settle land dispute and expose liars.

Rise of Chiefs(Not hereditary) and Small kingdom:
--1st Cent AD Tribal Republic= Yaudheyas in Punjab + Haryana = issued their own coins.

Sunga Dynasty (187 -78 BCE):
--started = Pushyamitra Sangha
--Belief = stount follower of Brahminism   
               =Did Ashwamegha yagya 2 times à Promoted sanskrit
               =Buddhist text refers him à Persecutor
                                                        =This (Persecutor of Buddhism) is not totally true= renovated Buddhist monument at  bharut  and  sanchi.
--Kharavela  of kalinga invaded north(Sungha dynasty)
--Foreign Invasion= Invasion of Bacterian Greek = captured patliputra for sometime = Sungha defeated.

End:
--Devabhuti = last sungha ruler = killed by his own minister= Kanva à Kanva dynasty
--Kanva dynasty ended in 45 years à History is blank till Gupta dynasty(mid 3^rd cent AD to 6^th cent AD).

Kanva dynasty was deposed by Andhras.

Satvahna:
--ruled- 3^rd cent BCE – 3^rd cent AD = but only after decline of moryan empire(2^nd cent BCE) = declared independence.
--Satvahna AKA  Andhra
--Source= Purana + inscription(ex- Nasik and NAnaghad inscription)
--Founder = Simuka
--Belief= Revived  Brahminism ………..but in Prakrit unlike Sungha who patronized Sanskrit.
                                    Also built many chaitya and vihara …renovated many Buddhist monuments.
--GautamiPutra satkarni = Greatest ruler
--Economy:
                 --Merchant organized guilds –better trade
                 --Coins = usually of  lead …silver were rare…some copper also
                            =these coins had no artistic features
                            =Figure of lion,elephant,horses etc on one side and Ujjain symbol on other side of coin.
                            =Image of ship on coin= Maritime power
                            =Bilingual inscription on coin= Prakrit + Dravidian
                            =Port ----Kalyani(Famous), Gandaksila, Ganjam etc

                            

Foreign Invasion:

--Parthia and bacteria became independent(Mid 3^rd cent BCE)---They were satrapi(Provinces) in greek(Selucid)…….became powerfullà independent.
--Demetrius(Greek)=Bacterian ruler=occupied Afganishtan + Punjab
                       =Sent Appolodotus and Menander =========Further conquerst
                       =Appolodotus= conquered Sindh and Marched upto Ujjain
                       =Menander=:
                                             Conquered till Mathura and attempted to capture “Patliputra”(Stopped by Vasumitra(Sunga Dynasty).
                                              Menander AKA Milinda capital was called  Sakal aka syalkot
                                              Loved Buddhism (Pushyamitra Sangha called persecutor of Buddhist in buddhist literature)
                                               Milindapanho= dialogue(in Pali) between milinda and Nagasena(Buddhist monk)
                           =Heliodorus= Greek ambessdor became Vashnavite. à built Garuda pillar in besnagar

                             Note: after death of Menander greek influence lasted for century.

SAKA(35-405 AD in west india):
--Attacked bacterian(Greek) + Parthian(Iranian/Persian).
--Capture India and formed to satrapas  in North(Sindh)  +   West (Maharashtra)
--founder of Vikram era
--Taxilla was recaptured from Saka by  Parthians.
-- Coins= one side head of king and other side Buddhist stupa and chaitya
--Prakrit Language
--Sudarshana Lake(Gujrat)=Built during Moryan period = destroyed by storms = Shaka King (Rudradaman) repaired without imposing any tax_________Source=Rock inscription of 2nd Cent AD.

Kushana (100 BCE-100CE):
Source= coins +  sculpture
--After fall of Moryan== kings started claiming high status to rule
--Kushana King(Ruled in Silk route) scultpure in Shrines of Mathura + Afganistan ===took tiltle of Devputra -----Inspired from Chinese kings Son of Heaven.
--Yuchi tribe = Central Asia
--Attacked Sakas = seized Gandhara region
--Issued Gold coins
--Kanishka (78 AD)= greatest ruler:
                    --Founder of SAKA era
                    --great patron of art
                    --Conquest by Kanishka:
                              --Gandhara in west to Ganga plain in east
                              --Kashmir in North to Malwa in south
                              --evidence= his coins found in Mathura, Kausambi etc
                              --defeted Chinese general
                     Belief:
                                 --Kanishka accepted  Buddhism
                                 --but showed religious tolerance towards other religion.
                                 --Coins= Buddhism + hindu + Greek god ###other side of coin his head(helmeted)
                                 --4^th Buddhist council = under monk Vashumitra
                                 --formed Mahayana Buddhism—Different from Buddha and AShoka
                                                                      --Idol worship= worship of Buddha with flower, lamp, garment and perfumes.

earliest Ardhanarishvara images are dated to the Kushan period, starting from the first century CE. Its iconography evolved and was perfected in the Gupta era.

             NOTE: Avlokiteswara(AKA Padampani or Lokesvara)  is a  Bodhisattva = embodies the compassion of all Buddhas.= Mahayana Buddhism.
                                 --Patronised :
                                                  1)Vashumitra= 4^th Buddhist council = held in sri nagar
                                                  2)Ashvagosha=wrote Buddhacharita
                                                   3)Charak= Physican                   

--Gandhara and Mathura art developed during kushana period:

Sr.No	Basis	Gandhara School	Mathura School	Amaravati(Not in kushan)
1	External influence	Greek(Helenistic)	No	No
2	Ingredient used	Early period= bluish sandstone Later period=mud and stucco	Spotted red sandstone	White marbles
3	Religious influence	Buddhism, Greeko roman rantheon	Hinduism+Buddhism+Jainism	Mainly Buddhist
4	Patronage	Kushana	Kushana	Satvahana
5	Area	N.W frontier (Kandhar)	Mathura,Sonkh and Kankalitila(Famus for jain sculpture)	Krishna-Gidavri (Amravti and nagarjunkonda)
6	Features	1.Spritual state 2.Few ornaments 3.seated in yogi posture 4.half closed eyes 5.protuberance(sir pe khopa)	1.Delighted mood 2.muscular body+ shaven face 3.Padmasna with different        postures 4.Portuberance(sir pe khopa)	1.Narrative art 2.less emphesis     on individual 3.Jatka tales

Successor of Kanishka ruled for 150 years
later became follower of shiva.