Q 16. Who among the following is a pivotal figure in the establishment of Tibetan Buddhism and often called as the second Buddha?
a) Padmasambhava
b) Lawapa
c) Shantarakshita
d) Nagarjuna
Q 15. The doctrine of Anatta in Buddhism means that
1. There is no permanent and independent essence in a human being
2. The sense of self as perceived by beings is illusory
Which of the above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None
Q 14. The first member of the Buddhist Monastic Sangha to gain Arhatship was
a) Ananda
b) Sariputta
c) Kondanna
d) Mahakassapa
Q 17. Who was the first woman to seek ordination for women in the Buddhist tradition?
a) Yashodhara
b) Mahapajapati Gotami
c) Sujata
d) Dhammananda
Q 21. With reference to the Sramana movements in Ancient Northern India, consider the following statements.
1. Purana Kassapa taught that there is no virtue or sin, no merit or demerit, whatever one does.
2. Ajita Kesakambali taught a form of materialism, that there is no future life for us let alone repeated rebirth.
3. Pakudha Kaccayana held the view that earth, water, fire, air, joy, sorrow, and life are stable and unproductive, independent primordial substances.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 2 only
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 1 and 3 only
Justification:
Statement 1: Purana Kassapa taught that there is no virtue or sin, no merit or demerit, whatever one does. There is thus no such thing as moral Makkhali Gosala taught a sort of fatalism. Rebirth occurs again and again through 'destiny, chance, and nature' and nothing we can do will make any difference. We have no control over any of it, and eventually liberation will come when it will come.
Statement 2: Makkhali Gosala was an important founder of the rival religion of the Ajivikas, which continued for many centuries in Ajita Kesakambali taught what appears to be a form of materialism, that there is no future life for us let alone repeated rebirth. Mankind is formed of earth, water, fire, and air, which return to their elements after death. There is no merit in good deeds (good karman) or demerit in wicked ones.
Statement 3: Pakudha Kaccayana held the view that earth, water, fire, air, joy, sorrow, and life are stable and unproductive, independent primordial substances. He seems to have drawn the conclusion from this that killing (presumably in terms of moral responsibility) is impossible, since a sword would simply pass between these primordial substances.
Q 22. What was\were the fundamental difference(s) in the philosophies of Lokayatas and Ajivikas?
1. Ajivikas believed in fatalism, whereas Lokayatas did not.
2. Ajivikas noted that there are no Universal laws, whereas Lokayatas believed certain fundamental laws existed.
Which of the above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d)None
Justification:
Fatalists or Ajivikas were those who believe that everything is predetermined. Materialists or Lokayatas were those who believe that everything is not predetermined.
Q 28=Answer
The earliest Ardhanarishvara images are dated to the Kushan period, starting from the first century CE. Its iconography evolved and was perfected in the Gupta era. The Puranas and various iconographic treatises write about the mythology and iconography of Ardhanarishvara. Ardhanarishvara remains a popular iconographic form found in most Shiva temples throughout India, though very few temples are dedicated to this deity.
Q 36. With reference to Ancient India, which of the following dramas were written by Harsha (the monarch mentioned in Harshacharita)?
1. Ratnavali
2. Nagananda
3. Priyardarsika
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Q 38. Consider the following statements.
1. Badami was the capital of the western Chalukyan dynasty.
2. Badami caves are popularly known as Shiva caves due to the preponderance of Shiva images in the caves.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the above
Justification:
With the decline of the Vakataka rule, the Chalukyas established their power in the Deccan. The Chalukya king, Mangalesha, patronised the excavation of the Badami caves. He was the younger son of the Chalukya king, Pulakesi I, and the brother of Kirtivarman I. The inscription in Cave No.4 mentions the date 578–579 CE, describes the beauty of the cave and includes the dedication of the image of Vishnu. Thus it may be presumed that the cave was excavated in the same era and the patron records his Vaishnava affiliation. Therefore, the cave is popularly known as the Vishnu Cave. Only a fragment of the painting has survived on the vaulted roof of the front mandapa.
Q 43. Muziris (Muchiri, Muyirikode, Makotai, Mahodayapuram) was an important ancient seaport and urban center on the
a) Malabar Coast
b) Coromandal coast
c) Odisha coast
d) Arikamedu Coast
Q 48. Consider the following statements with reference to developments in Medieval India.
1. A personal astronomical observatory was built by Humayun on the banks of Yamuna River.
2. Metal cylinder rockets were often used in wars waged by some of the Mughal rulers.
3. Techniques related to making of shampoo and related alkali based soaps were introduced in Mughal India from Europe.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 only
Q 53. Consider the following about Alvars and Nayanars.
1. They disapproved of the caste based discrimination in India.
2. They did not produce any written compositions.
3. Women devotees were not allowed within the Sangha.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 3 only
Justification:
Statement 1: Some historians suggest that the Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas or at least attempted to reform the system.
To some extent this is corroborated by the fact that bhaktas hailed from diverse social backgrounds ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from castes considered “untouchable”.
Statement 2 & 3: The compositions of Andal, a woman Alvar, were widely sung. Another woman, Karaikkal Ammaiyar, a devotee of Shiva, adopted the path of extreme asceticism in order to attain her goal. So, 3 is wrong.
One of the major anthologies of compositions by the Alvars, the Nalayira Divyaprabandham, was frequently described as the Tamil Veda, thus claiming that the text was as significant as the four Vedas in Sanskrit that were cherished by the Brahmanas. So, 2 is also wrong.
a) Padmasambhava
b) Lawapa
c) Shantarakshita
d) Nagarjuna
Q 15. The doctrine of Anatta in Buddhism means that
1. There is no permanent and independent essence in a human being
2. The sense of self as perceived by beings is illusory
Which of the above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None
Q 14. The first member of the Buddhist Monastic Sangha to gain Arhatship was
a) Ananda
b) Sariputta
c) Kondanna
d) Mahakassapa
Q 17. Who was the first woman to seek ordination for women in the Buddhist tradition?
a) Yashodhara
b) Mahapajapati Gotami
c) Sujata
d) Dhammananda
Q 21. With reference to the Sramana movements in Ancient Northern India, consider the following statements.
1. Purana Kassapa taught that there is no virtue or sin, no merit or demerit, whatever one does.
2. Ajita Kesakambali taught a form of materialism, that there is no future life for us let alone repeated rebirth.
3. Pakudha Kaccayana held the view that earth, water, fire, air, joy, sorrow, and life are stable and unproductive, independent primordial substances.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 2 only
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 1 and 3 only
Justification:
Statement 1: Purana Kassapa taught that there is no virtue or sin, no merit or demerit, whatever one does. There is thus no such thing as moral Makkhali Gosala taught a sort of fatalism. Rebirth occurs again and again through 'destiny, chance, and nature' and nothing we can do will make any difference. We have no control over any of it, and eventually liberation will come when it will come.
Statement 2: Makkhali Gosala was an important founder of the rival religion of the Ajivikas, which continued for many centuries in Ajita Kesakambali taught what appears to be a form of materialism, that there is no future life for us let alone repeated rebirth. Mankind is formed of earth, water, fire, and air, which return to their elements after death. There is no merit in good deeds (good karman) or demerit in wicked ones.
Statement 3: Pakudha Kaccayana held the view that earth, water, fire, air, joy, sorrow, and life are stable and unproductive, independent primordial substances. He seems to have drawn the conclusion from this that killing (presumably in terms of moral responsibility) is impossible, since a sword would simply pass between these primordial substances.
Q 22. What was\were the fundamental difference(s) in the philosophies of Lokayatas and Ajivikas?
1. Ajivikas believed in fatalism, whereas Lokayatas did not.
2. Ajivikas noted that there are no Universal laws, whereas Lokayatas believed certain fundamental laws existed.
Which of the above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d)None
Justification:
Fatalists or Ajivikas were those who believe that everything is predetermined. Materialists or Lokayatas were those who believe that everything is not predetermined.
Q 28=Answer
The earliest Ardhanarishvara images are dated to the Kushan period, starting from the first century CE. Its iconography evolved and was perfected in the Gupta era. The Puranas and various iconographic treatises write about the mythology and iconography of Ardhanarishvara. Ardhanarishvara remains a popular iconographic form found in most Shiva temples throughout India, though very few temples are dedicated to this deity.
Q 36. With reference to Ancient India, which of the following dramas were written by Harsha (the monarch mentioned in Harshacharita)?
1. Ratnavali
2. Nagananda
3. Priyardarsika
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Q 38. Consider the following statements.
1. Badami was the capital of the western Chalukyan dynasty.
2. Badami caves are popularly known as Shiva caves due to the preponderance of Shiva images in the caves.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the above
Justification:
With the decline of the Vakataka rule, the Chalukyas established their power in the Deccan. The Chalukya king, Mangalesha, patronised the excavation of the Badami caves. He was the younger son of the Chalukya king, Pulakesi I, and the brother of Kirtivarman I. The inscription in Cave No.4 mentions the date 578–579 CE, describes the beauty of the cave and includes the dedication of the image of Vishnu. Thus it may be presumed that the cave was excavated in the same era and the patron records his Vaishnava affiliation. Therefore, the cave is popularly known as the Vishnu Cave. Only a fragment of the painting has survived on the vaulted roof of the front mandapa.
Q 43. Muziris (Muchiri, Muyirikode, Makotai, Mahodayapuram) was an important ancient seaport and urban center on the
a) Malabar Coast
b) Coromandal coast
c) Odisha coast
d) Arikamedu Coast
Q 48. Consider the following statements with reference to developments in Medieval India.
1. A personal astronomical observatory was built by Humayun on the banks of Yamuna River.
2. Metal cylinder rockets were often used in wars waged by some of the Mughal rulers.
3. Techniques related to making of shampoo and related alkali based soaps were introduced in Mughal India from Europe.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Justification:
Statement 1: Humayun was absorbed in astrology and astronomy.
Statement 1: Humayun was absorbed in astrology and astronomy.
Gyarah Sidi are the remains of the astrological observatory of the Mughal Emperor Humayun.
The ruins are situated at a stone’s throw from Babur’s Mehtab Bagh, in a field on the banks of the Yamuna River in Agra.
Statement 2: Other Technological developments too occurred during Mughal Empire.
Fathullah Shirazi (1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed a volley gun.
Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans particularly against War elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal.
Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot.
Statement 3: Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal alchemy and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo when he was in India. He introduced South Asian cuisine and shampoo baths to Europe, where he offered therapeutic massage.
Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both Kings George IV and William IV!
Q 53. Consider the following about Alvars and Nayanars.
1. They disapproved of the caste based discrimination in India.
2. They did not produce any written compositions.
3. Women devotees were not allowed within the Sangha.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 3 only
Justification:
Statement 1: Some historians suggest that the Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas or at least attempted to reform the system.
To some extent this is corroborated by the fact that bhaktas hailed from diverse social backgrounds ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from castes considered “untouchable”.
Statement 2 & 3: The compositions of Andal, a woman Alvar, were widely sung. Another woman, Karaikkal Ammaiyar, a devotee of Shiva, adopted the path of extreme asceticism in order to attain her goal. So, 3 is wrong.
One of the major anthologies of compositions by the Alvars, the Nalayira Divyaprabandham, was frequently described as the Tamil Veda, thus claiming that the text was as significant as the four Vedas in Sanskrit that were cherished by the Brahmanas. So, 2 is also wrong.
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