Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap-14 Class 11

Chapter 14

The spread of Indian culture in other Asian countries:

--Commercial contact= Belief +Language +art& Architecture +philosophy +customs and manners.

Central Asia:
--Eastern Afganistan +  [(Khotan + Kasgarh )=Tajikistan-China region]= many monuments unearther---Imdian culture---Language Gandhara

India and China:
--India to China:
            --Gunabhadra = wrote Adipuran(life of Jaina saint)=during Rashtrakuta empire(Amoghvarsha follower of Jainism, 33% of deccan population= Jains)= 800-850 AD.
            --Vajrabothi= estoric Buddhism in China
            --Dharmdeva
            --Dharma gupta

Indian and Tibet
--Buddhist king Gampo established kingdom in  Lahasa=7^th cent AD
--11^th cent AD= Pala of Bengal attacked by Muslims=Buddhist went to Lahasa.

Inida and Sri Lanka:
--Sigirya painting ===influenced by Ajanta= Gupta age.(both paintings)

Sigirya painting
Srilanka @ Ajanta during Gupta 

Indian culture to sounth-east Asia:
--colonization by Indians =diff from britishers=No control from mother country=just cultural expansion.
1) Cambodia:
--colonized by Indians= 1^st cent AD
--Ruling dynasty= Kamboja.
--Native people= Khemers.
--rulled till 15^th cent AD= Islamic invasion.
--Extant= Laos+ Cambodia+ Myanmar + Thailand +part of Indonesia
--Culture
          --Saivism and Vaishnavism
          --Ankorwat temple=Vishnu temple= built by Suryavarman 2
          -- temple = Dravidian style = Sanskrit inscription= sculpture à Ramayna and Mahbharta
          --They usually used  Varman in name like Pallawa (NarsimhaVarman 2 etc.)
          --Hindu literature =  Ramayna +Mahabharta +Veda +Panini’s Sankrit Grammer +philosophical tretise etc  known to the Cambodian people.

Angkor wats --Cambodia
SuryaVarman 2

2)Champa:
--AKA south Annam.
--Sri Mara = 1^st Hindu dynasty = 2^nd cent AD
--Buddhism +Saivism + Vaisnavism = flourished.
--Hindu fine arts + philosophy + astrology etc
--ended in 14^th cent AD
3) Thailand:
-- AKA Siam
--Thai script developed with the help of Indian scholars.
--Traditional law= Modeled on Dharmashastra
--Temples at Bangkok = depicts Ramayna.

4)Sumatra and Java:
--Hindu kingdom = 5^th to 11^th cent AD sumatra
--Sumatra = Sri Vijya=Kingdom flourished and called Sailendra empire= Mahayana Buddhist
NOTE: Avlokiteswara(AKA Padampani or Lokesvara)  is a  Bodhisattva = embodies the compassion of all Buddhas.= Mahayana Buddhism.
--Cordial relation with = Palas of Bengal + Cholas of south India
--RajaRaja chola à allowed Shailendra king MaravijyotungaVarman to build Buddhist monasteries at Nagapattam.
--His(RajaRaja) son Rajendra Chola conquered Shailendra empire for some period.

--Hindu kingdom= 4^th cent AD Java
--Kingdom of Mataram= Central Java.
--strong Hindu religion and culture
--till 9^th cent AD Shailendra(of Sumatra) ===occupied it.
--built Borobudur = worlds greatest Buddhist stupa= AKA epic in stone= because of massive story in stairs(Lower regin only) of Buddha’s life.

Borobudur (Stupa domb at top)
UNESCO world heritage site
Lower part = inscrition= story of buddha life
Upper part=Plane without any images

5)Bali:
--Hindu 6^th cent AD
--copper plate and stone inscription === direct rule from India ===Later became subordinate to JAVA.
--still people are Hindus
--and Caste system is still prevalent.
--I-Tsing === A Buddhist monk from China==In his journey to India stops at Bali(Indonesia)= Buddhism was aslo prevelant

BALI (an Island in Indonesia)
Hindus in bali island = 83 % people
 (while Indonesia= 90% Muslim)

6)Myanmar:
--since Ashokan time = 300 BCE
--Pali + Sanskrit = Language till 13^th cent AD.
--Hinayna + Mahayana Buddhism followed by  people.


Thus Indian Religion and Culture moulded the lives of many primitive inhabitants of the regions who were elevated to a higher plan of civilization.