Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap-16 Class 11

Chap 16

Delhi Sultanate  

Qutubuddin Aibak(1206-1210 AD)
--Slave of Muhammad Ghori
--people called him= Lakh Baksh = he donated liberally to Muslim scholars
--ruled india from Lahore
--started construction of Qutub Minar = in the name of Sufi Saint=Qutbuddin Bakthiyar.

Illtutmish(1211-1236 AD):
--killed the son of Qutubuddin Aibak=Aram Baksh.
--Completed the Qutu bminar
--shifted capital from Lahore to Delhi.
--saved India from Mongols à by not giving asylum to Ruler of Khwarizm.
--Got recognition(Mansur) from = Abbasid Khalif
--Created new class of ruling elite = The forty =powerfull military leaders as noble.

Razia Sultan(1236-1240):
--Illtutmish ====her hier.
--but (Qazi of delhi and Wazir) put = Ruknuddin Feroj on throne
--Ruknuddin went to suppress revolt in multan by govà Razia took throne.
--Lots of opposition
--Keywords = Yakuth(Horse) , Altunia(Gov of Bhatinda)

Balban(1246-1287 AD):
--used minor son of Illtutmish for throne à son died à Balban=Sultan.
--focus = not expansion= but consolidation of empire.
--Weakened the nobles power of Forty à killed many for pity stuff à humiliated many in public.
--Prostration + kissing the feet started
--reduced the menance of robbery
--Mongol invasion = son died.
The khalji Dynasty(1290-1320 AD):

Jalaudin khalji(1290-1296 AD)
--Founder = very old
--Benign ruler liberal à lots of rebellion suppressed all
--Killed by his Grandson = Alauddin Khalji.

Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 AD):
--enormus gift to nobles and Amirs ===to take in his side.
--Those opposed were severely punished
--Brought Reforms:
                 --banned Liquor and Drugs = major reason for rebblions.
                 --Permanent standing army
                 --Dagh(Branding horses) and Huliya(Discriptive list of soldiers) mentioned
                 --Salary = cash
                 --Market reform= 1)fixed price  2)holding stock reserves to maintain proper supply.
                                                  3)Merchants were registered 4)secreate agent to check= Munhiyans.
                 --Land reforms=1) measurement of land 2)land revenue à collected in CASH to pay army in cash.   3)even big land lord had to pay tax.=======it provided the base for Sher Sah Suri and Akbar for ther land reform.

                --MISTAKE= didn’t change price even during famine.

Military conquest:
--6 time fight= Mongol=1^st 2 succesful à 3^rd mongol came to delhi but capital remained defended= rest 3 attempts were well defended.
--south and deccan expansion (Hoysala + Pandya(Madurai)+Kakatya(Warangal)+ Yadavas (Devagiri) = All defeated)

Art and Architecture(Alauddin):
--Amir khusro = poet= patronized
--built= Alai Darwaja at new capital Sipri.

Tugluq Dynasty:
Muhammad Bin Tugluq:
REFORMS:
1)Changing capital
              --Delhi to Devagiri à named Devagiri = Daulatabad
              --2 year later  Devagiri à Delhi
2)less valued currency:
              --Silver was less in world à China Kublai Khan issued Paper currency àMd Bin Tugluq = copper currency at par with Silver.
              --people forged fake à exp failed
3)Agri reform
               --More tax in Daob region (b/w Ganga and Yamuna)
               --It was famine timeà people revoltedàbrutally suppressed.
               --Seprate Agri Dept = Dewan-i-Kohi
               --initiated Takkavi loan(Loan for farmers—seed and other stuff)
               --Model Farm was created

Rebellion:
--In South Vijay nagara Kingdom(1336) rised
--Bahamni Kingdom(1347)
--Governor of [Madurai, Oudh, Multan, Sindh]= independent.

Sultan Muhammad bin tuglaq died in 1351 à according to Badauni=Sultan was freed from people and people were freed from SULTAN.

Feroz Tughlaq(1351-1388):
--Military campaign to stop disintegration:
       --Against Bengal = got defeated=Bengal free
       --Against Jajnagar(Odisha)= too lots of booty.
      

Administrative reforms:
--Came to power with the help of NOBLES
--Review IQTA system à Nobles now =Hereditary.
--Followed strictly ULEMA’s instruction:
                   --Jiziya tax
                   --Non Islamic tax removed for muslims
 --1^st emperor to impose Irrigation Tax à but dug many canals = 200km long satluj to Hansi ; b/w Yamuna and Hisar.
--300 new town. Ex- Firojabad near Redfort.
--New Department =DIWAN-i-KHAIRAT =to take care of Orphan and Widow
--Free hospitals + Marriage bureaus = for MUSLIMS.
--Increased no. of slaves= defeated soldiers + young people

Attack of Timur in 1398 destroyed tugluq dynasty


Sayyids (1414-1451):
--Timur after attack left KHIZR KHAN as Governor of MULTAN.
--Khizr Khan captured DELHI formed = SAYYIDS Dynasty
--could not consolidate the empire ---died à successor were weak constantly killed
--Last successor willfully handed throne to Buhul Lodi.

LODI DYNASTY(1451-1526):
--they were = AFGHANs (From Afganistan) = 1^st Afghan ruler in india.(precursor were turks)
--Greatest ruler = Sikandar Lodi= occupied Punjab to Bihar = kattar muslimà destroyed temple + huge restriction on hindus but a great leader of entire LODI  dynasty.
--Last ruler = Ibrahim Lodi= Very arrogant à humiliated own NOBLESà those revolted were killed à insulted even his own uncle DAULAT KHAN LODI à He invited BABAR to invadeà Ibrahim Lodi killed = 1^st battle of PANIPAT(1526).