Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap-17 Class 11

Chap 17

India under the Delhi Sultanate:

Introduction:
--Delhi Sultanate = Islamic state
--Khutba + Coins = had names of Caliph(Even Balban who consider himself “The shadow of God” inscribed Caliph’s name)
--Letter of MANSUR= a letter of recognition from Caliph= Iltutmish + Muhammad bin Tuglq + Feroj Tuglaq.
--Succession = No Law =each son has equal stake.
                  =Even when Iltutmis named Razia à name should be approved by Nobles(The Forty).
 --Sometimes Ulema played important role = Feroj Shah Tuglaq‘s reign.

Central Administration:

Judiciary:
--Quazi = Judges
--Law :        

Type	Hindu	Muslims
Civil	By hindu’s personal LAW in Village Panchayat	Sharia
Criminal	SULTAN	SULTAN

Provincial Administration:
--Provinces = Iqta = initially under control of NOBLES =later WALI/MUQTI(governor)
--Iqta = divided into SHIQ under Shiqdar
--Shiq = divided into Pargana = divided into number of Villages under Chaudhri/Muqaddam.
--Village accountat = Patwari.

Land	Discription
Iqta	Land assigned to official in lieu of their SALARY
Khalisa	Royal = revenue for Royal court+Household
Inam	Grant to Religious Leaders/Instutions

Economy:

                                                          
--Revenue= 1/3^rd to ½ of produce.
--Common man= Hand to mouth living.
--Agriculture = developed by Muhammad bin Tughlaq(Takkavi loan +Diwani I kohi=Agri dept) + Firoz tughlaq(irrigation).
--Horticulture + wheat(instead of Barley) = promoted
--Urbanisation ↑ = Delhi, Multan, Lahore, Anhilwara, Lakhnauti, Daulatabad etc.
--TRADE:
         overseas = controlled by Afghans + Multanis muslims.
         Inland = dominated by Gujrati Marwadi + Muslin Bhora
         Road= Royal road very efficient
         Resthouse = SARAI on highways
         Sericulture = promoted = reliance on raw silk from outside ↓.
         Industry = Cotton + Leather + Silk + Metal craft
--Coin= developed---------Alauddin’s South expedition led to= minting Gold coin

Social Life:        
--Little change in the structure of Hindu Society.
--Caste system prevalent.
--Women:
          --Continued= Sati, Subservient position of women.
          --Developed=Purda system in upper class spread from Turks.
--Muslisms:
              --divided on ethnic basis= Iranian, Turks, Afghans, Indians.
              --Hindu converts = from lower caste=not given equal respect.
              --High gov positions= Muslims
--Jiziya (or Jaziya/ Jajiya)= initially collected as a part of Land tax later separated by Feroj Tughlaq
--Why Jiziya = Hindus were treated as Zimmis(the protected)= has to give tax for protection.

Art and Architecture:
--Domes+ Arches +Lofty towers
--Decoration= Arabic scripts
--Locally available cheap material= colorful marbles.
--Initially demolished Non Muslim structure to construct Muslim structure.
             Ex- Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque near Qutub minar à built by destroying Hindu+Jain Temple.
--Qutub minar + Alai Darwaja(Alauddin khilji) + Palace of Tughlaqabad(Gyasuddin) + Tomb of Gyasudding(By Muhammad bin Tughlaq) + Kotla fort(Feroj Tughlaq) +Lodi Garden etc

Music:
--New instrument = Sarangi , Rabab(or Rubab) , Sitar(invention attributed to Amir Khusro)

Sarangi(image above)
by Khusro

Rubab/Rabab (image above)
by Khusro

Sitar (image above)
by Khusro

--Amir Khusro(1252-1325):
                  >>2 New RAGA= Ghora + Sanam
                  >>Blended Hindu + Iranian system = to form Qwalis…light music.

--Raja man singh= Gwalior= wrote Man Kautuhal=a music work composition
--Pir Bhodan= Sufi Sant =Greatest Musician of period.

Literature:
--Persian scholar were patronized more
--History writing was promoted.
--Amir khusro(1252-1325):
                    >>experimented with poetry skill formed= Sabaq-i-Hind(The Indian Style)
                    >>Also wrote hindi verses.
                    >>Wrote = Khwazain ul Futuh = speaks about Alauddin’s conquest.
                    >>wrote= Tughlaq Nama= speak about rise of Ghyiasuddin Tughlaq.
--Zia Nakshabi= 1^st to translate Sanskrit stories in Persian.
--Chand baradi= famous Hindi Poet.
--Kalhana wrote  Rajatrangini(by Kalhana)= Kashmir ruler at this time=Zain ul abiding
--Kitab I hind= written by Al beruni= shows diff regional language that developed.
--Nusrat shah patronized translation of Mahabharta in Bengali.
--Development of Bhakti cult===Development of Gujrati + Marathi Language.
--Vijaynagra = Telgu +Kannada Language↑