Click here to know about Mughal impact on indian culture
--Miniature painting.
--Themes of painting = court + hunting + battles etc
--Indian colours = Peacock blue + indian red ==began to be used.
--Mughal school of painting formed the spinal column of different schools of indin miniature art.
>>Kalighata painting= remains unaffected till britishers.
--NOTE=Gol Gumbaj = Adil Shah sur of Bijapur= wolrd largest dome.=1626
Literature:
--During Akbar = Abul Fazl was famous:
>>wrote about discovery of America.
>>Abul Fazl started the style of Prose writing--continued for generations.
>>He(Abul Fazl) wrote Ain i Akbari and Akbar Nama.
>>his brother = Abul Faizi= most famous Poet.
>>Translation of Mahabharta into Persian was done under his supervision.
--Dara shikoh = eldest son of Shah Jahan = Translated Bhagwat Gita and Upnishad into persian.
--Persian dictionary was made.
--Development of Regional Language =bengali + gujrati + rajasthani + orriya.
--Tulshi Das = during Akbar's reign.
--Tulsi Das wrote Hindi version of Ramayana = Ramcharitmanas.
Chap 20 and 21
The Mughal Empire:
Babar (1526-1530):
--Major contemporary rulers in India:
>> 5 Muslims = Sultan of Delhi, Gujrat, Malwa, Deccan, and Bengal
>>2 Hindus= Rana Sangha (Mewar) and Vijaynagar empire.
--Nobles of Ibrahim Lodi = invited Babar to Invade.
--Babar invaded = 1st battle of Panipat 1526 = babar won.
--title = “Emperor of Hindustan” ---- irked Mahmud lodi(brother of Ibrahim Lodi).
>>Mahmud Lodi = declared himself the “Sultan of Delhi”.
>>Mahmud Lodi assisted Rana Sangha(Mewar) with =10,000 Afghan soldiers=Battle of Khanua 1527--------Babar won.== Title = Ghazi
>>Mahmud himself faught Babar later = battle of Ghaghra 1528= Babar won.
--Language = Turki + Persian + Arabic
--wrote his(babar) Memoir= Tuzuk-i-Baburi=in Turkish .
>>Tujuk i Baburi = Vivid account of India + Babur even honestly confesses his failure without suppressing any facts + He was naturalist (describes Flora and Fauna of India).
--Major contemporary rulers in India:
>> 5 Muslims = Sultan of Delhi, Gujrat, Malwa, Deccan, and Bengal
>>2 Hindus= Rana Sangha (Mewar) and Vijaynagar empire.
--Nobles of Ibrahim Lodi = invited Babar to Invade.
--Babar invaded = 1st battle of Panipat 1526 = babar won.
--title = “Emperor of Hindustan” ---- irked Mahmud lodi(brother of Ibrahim Lodi).
>>Mahmud Lodi = declared himself the “Sultan of Delhi”.
>>Mahmud Lodi assisted Rana Sangha(Mewar) with =10,000 Afghan soldiers=Battle of Khanua 1527--------Babar won.== Title = Ghazi
>>Mahmud himself faught Babar later = battle of Ghaghra 1528= Babar won.
--Language = Turki + Persian + Arabic
--wrote his(babar) Memoir= Tuzuk-i-Baburi=in Turkish .
>>Tujuk i Baburi = Vivid account of India + Babur even honestly confesses his failure without suppressing any facts + He was naturalist (describes Flora and Fauna of India).
Humayun(1530-1540):
-- Humayun = Luck -----But he was unlucky.
--Divided his inherited kingdom among his brothers(Kamran, Askari, Hindal)
--While busy in fighting Sher Shah Suri, gujrat (Bahadur Shah) attacked.
--concluded treaty with Sher Shah Suri-à Annexed Gujrat= placed his brother Askari.
--Battle of Kanauj/ Chausa= again faught with Ser Shah Suri---was defeated----non of the brother helped.
--15 year exile.
-- Humayun = Luck -----But he was unlucky.
--Divided his inherited kingdom among his brothers(Kamran, Askari, Hindal)
--While busy in fighting Sher Shah Suri, gujrat (Bahadur Shah) attacked.
--concluded treaty with Sher Shah Suri-à Annexed Gujrat= placed his brother Askari.
--Battle of Kanauj/ Chausa= again faught with Ser Shah Suri---was defeated----non of the brother helped.
--15 year exile.
Sher Shah Suri(1540-1545):
--Conqured entire North India = except Assam, Kashmir, Nepal and Gujarat.
--Administration:
>>4 department:
>>> Diwan i Wizarat = Revenue department.
>>> Diwan i Ariz = Army Department.
>>> Diwan i Rasalat = Foreign Minister.
>>> Diwan i Insha = Ministry of Communication.
--Conqured entire North India = except Assam, Kashmir, Nepal and Gujarat.
--Administration:
>>4 department:
>>> Diwan i Wizarat = Revenue department.
>>> Diwan i Ariz = Army Department.
>>> Diwan i Rasalat = Foreign Minister.
>>> Diwan i Insha = Ministry of Communication.
>>Empire was divided into = 47 Sarkars.
>>>Sarkar = incharge = Chief Shiqdar(Law & Order) + Chief Munsif(Judge).
>>Sarkar was divided into =Parganas.
>>>Pargana= incharge= Shiqdar(Military Officer) + Amin(Land revenue) + Fotedar (Treasurer) + Karkuns(Accountant)
>>other administrative units called Iqta.
--Land survey was done
--divided land in 3 category = Good , middle and bad.
--4 imp highways:
>>> Sonargaon to Sind
>>>Agra to Bahrampur
>>>Jodhpur to Chittor
>>>Lahore to Multan
--Built rest house with the roads.
--took the idea of branding horses = of Alaudin Khalji.
--Introduced siver coin Dam = in operation till 1835.
--religious tolerant
>>>Sarkar = incharge = Chief Shiqdar(Law & Order) + Chief Munsif(Judge).
>>Sarkar was divided into =Parganas.
>>>Pargana= incharge= Shiqdar(Military Officer) + Amin(Land revenue) + Fotedar (Treasurer) + Karkuns(Accountant)
>>other administrative units called Iqta.
--Land survey was done
--divided land in 3 category = Good , middle and bad.
--4 imp highways:
>>> Sonargaon to Sind
>>>Agra to Bahrampur
>>>Jodhpur to Chittor
>>>Lahore to Multan
--Built rest house with the roads.
--took the idea of branding horses = of Alaudin Khalji.
--Introduced siver coin Dam = in operation till 1835.
--religious tolerant
Art &
Architecture:
--Built a new city near Yamuna = Purana Kila
--Mausoleum at Sansaram = perfect ex of art.
--Patronized Malik Muhammad jayasi = wrote Padmavati(love story of Alauddin)
--Built a new city near Yamuna = Purana Kila
--Mausoleum at Sansaram = perfect ex of art.
--Patronized Malik Muhammad jayasi = wrote Padmavati(love story of Alauddin)
Humayun Brought Persian painter with him-----recapture his kingdom with the help of IRAN ruled from
1555-1556, died fall from staircase.
Akbar(1556-1605):
--2nd battle of Panipat= won by chance = Hemu(Afghan) Fought Bairam Khan(ruler on Akbars,child, behalf) = Hemu was winning-----Arrow pearced his eye thus table turned.
Relation with Rajput:
--Married with Rajput Princess= Daughter of Raja bharamal.
--His religious intolerance= removed Jaziya or jiziya ///Contact with Sufis= Abdul Latif + hindu wife
--Almost all Rajput submitted to his suzerainty except Ranas of Mewar.
--Battle of Haldighati = defeated Rana pratap.
--prevented Ulema from intervening in politics.
--new religion = Din I ilahi = didn’t compelled any one to follow.
--Art and Architecture:
>> Fatehpur Sikri = built by akbar
>>>Entrance gate to Fatehpur= buland darwaja = to commemorate victory over Gujarat.
>>>Number architectural style = Bengali + Gujrati etc >>>Gujarati style building inside Fatehpur was for = Rajput wifes.
>>Humayun tomb at Delhi.
>>Patronized Tansen of Gwalior.
NOTE: used NASTALIQ = a persian script= for Caligraphy.= ++Tanshen + Rahimdas etc
--Akbarnama +Hamzanama = contains many painting.--2nd battle of Panipat= won by chance = Hemu(Afghan) Fought Bairam Khan(ruler on Akbars,child, behalf) = Hemu was winning-----Arrow pearced his eye thus table turned.
Relation with Rajput:
--Married with Rajput Princess= Daughter of Raja bharamal.
--His religious intolerance= removed Jaziya or jiziya ///Contact with Sufis= Abdul Latif + hindu wife
--Almost all Rajput submitted to his suzerainty except Ranas of Mewar.
--Battle of Haldighati = defeated Rana pratap.
--prevented Ulema from intervening in politics.
--new religion = Din I ilahi = didn’t compelled any one to follow.
--Art and Architecture:
>> Fatehpur Sikri = built by akbar
>>>Entrance gate to Fatehpur= buland darwaja = to commemorate victory over Gujarat.
>>>Number architectural style = Bengali + Gujrati etc >>>Gujarati style building inside Fatehpur was for = Rajput wifes.
>>Humayun tomb at Delhi.
>>Patronized Tansen of Gwalior.
NOTE: used NASTALIQ = a persian script= for Caligraphy.= ++Tanshen + Rahimdas etc
Jahangir (1605-1627)=MUGHAL painting reached Zenith ----àShah Jahan(1627-1658)=shah
jahan annexed Kandhar and expended
in deccan.
Aurangjeb/Aurangazeb(1658-1707):
--Title = Alamgir
--many revolts = jat, Satnami, Sikhs etc= mainly due to his Harsh Religious policies.
Religious policies of Aurangazeb:
--Staunch + Orthodox =Muslim
--Transform India into Islamic State.
--Separated department under Muhtashib(high powered officer)= to inforce Moral Codes.
--Forbade Music in court.
--Discontinued Jharokhadarshan.
--discontinued the celebration of Dashara(Hindu) + Muharram(Shia)
--Hate towards SHIA =====Attack on Deccan sultanate. = the Deccan policy.
--Reimposed Zajiya in 1679.
--Banned construction of New temple à Repaired old Temple à later period destroyed Old temple.
--Executed 9th Guru of Sikh = Guru Tej Bahadur = annoyed Sikhs.
--Rajput + Maratha + Sikhs = became enemy of Mughal ====Decline
--Jats (Mathura) + Satnami(Mewar) = enemy.
--Aurangzeb Policy = responsible for decline of Mughals.
--Title = Alamgir
--many revolts = jat, Satnami, Sikhs etc= mainly due to his Harsh Religious policies.
Religious policies of Aurangazeb:
--Staunch + Orthodox =Muslim
--Transform India into Islamic State.
--Separated department under Muhtashib(high powered officer)= to inforce Moral Codes.
--Forbade Music in court.
--Discontinued Jharokhadarshan.
--discontinued the celebration of Dashara(Hindu) + Muharram(Shia)
--Hate towards SHIA =====Attack on Deccan sultanate. = the Deccan policy.
--Reimposed Zajiya in 1679.
--Banned construction of New temple à Repaired old Temple à later period destroyed Old temple.
--Executed 9th Guru of Sikh = Guru Tej Bahadur = annoyed Sikhs.
--Rajput + Maratha + Sikhs = became enemy of Mughal ====Decline
--Jats (Mathura) + Satnami(Mewar) = enemy.
--Aurangzeb Policy = responsible for decline of Mughals.
Deccan Policy:
--Started with Akbar:
>>conquered khandesh and berar
--Jahangir:
>> Fought against Malik Amber of Ahmadnagar.
--Started with Akbar:
>>conquered khandesh and berar
--Jahangir:
>> Fought against Malik Amber of Ahmadnagar.
--Shah Jahan:
>>Aurangzeb was the Governor of Deccan area.
>>Aggressive towards Deccan.
--Aurangzeb:
>>his deccan policy contributed in the fall of empire.
>>By now Maratha had carved out an Independent kingdom.
>>invaded bijapur(Shikandar Shah) = conquered .
>>invaded Golkonda (Kutb Shahi Dynasty)= conquered
. >>Buffer ended == direct conflict with Maratha.
>> Resource ended in regular war (with Maratha= Deccan Policy ; and with Rajput,Sikh,Satnami,Jat etc= Religious policies)
>>Aurangzeb was the Governor of Deccan area.
>>Aggressive towards Deccan.
--Aurangzeb:
>>his deccan policy contributed in the fall of empire.
>>By now Maratha had carved out an Independent kingdom.
>>invaded bijapur(Shikandar Shah) = conquered .
>>invaded Golkonda (Kutb Shahi Dynasty)= conquered
. >>Buffer ended == direct conflict with Maratha.
>> Resource ended in regular war (with Maratha= Deccan Policy ; and with Rajput,Sikh,Satnami,Jat etc= Religious policies)
 |
| Deccan Policy of Aurangzeb |
Decline of Mughals:
--Religious Policies = Aurangzeb
--Deccan Policies = Aurangzeb
--demoralization of Mughal army:
>>Attack by Nadir Shah 1739
>>Attack by Ahmad Shah Abdali 1748-1767
>>Weak successor
>>Neglect of Sea power
Culture:
--Formation of Turko-Iranian culture.--Roughly 12- 13 crore population ==No land crisis.
--No new innovation in agriculture.
--Many features on Mughal tradition can be seen in Golden temple.
--Religious Policies = Aurangzeb
--Deccan Policies = Aurangzeb
--demoralization of Mughal army:
>>Attack by Nadir Shah 1739
>>Attack by Ahmad Shah Abdali 1748-1767
>>Weak successor
>>Neglect of Sea power
Culture:
--Formation of Turko-Iranian culture.--Roughly 12- 13 crore population ==No land crisis.
--No new innovation in agriculture.
--Many features on Mughal tradition can be seen in Golden temple.
--Miniature painting.
--Themes of painting = court + hunting + battles etc
--Indian colours = Peacock blue + indian red ==began to be used.
--Mughal school of painting formed the spinal column of different schools of indin miniature art.
>>Kalighata painting= remains unaffected till britishers.
--NOTE=Gol Gumbaj = Adil Shah sur of Bijapur= wolrd largest dome.=1626
Literature:
--During Akbar = Abul Fazl was famous:
>>wrote about discovery of America.
>>Abul Fazl started the style of Prose writing--continued for generations.
>>He(Abul Fazl) wrote Ain i Akbari and Akbar Nama.
>>his brother = Abul Faizi= most famous Poet.
>>Translation of Mahabharta into Persian was done under his supervision.
--Dara shikoh = eldest son of Shah Jahan = Translated Bhagwat Gita and Upnishad into persian.
--Persian dictionary was made.
--Development of Regional Language =bengali + gujrati + rajasthani + orriya.
--Tulshi Das = during Akbar's reign.
--Tulsi Das wrote Hindi version of Ramayana = Ramcharitmanas.
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