Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap- 23 Class 11

Chapter  23

The coming of Europeans:

--Roman Empire declined = 7^th cen AD (when Gupta declined in India)
--gave Rise to Islamic Power---The Caliphat.
--Islamic power dominated Egypt + Persia.
-- 1453 = Constantinople fell to Ottoman Empire(Islamic)
--Red sea = under monopoly of Ottomans
--it broke the direct trade link of European market with India.
--European begins exploration of alternate trade route

--Trade before route before European = Oxus valley(Amy dariya) + Syria + Egypt 





Amu Dariya (Oxus river) and Syr Dariya = two river flowing from URAL Lake







--Vasco da Gama discovered Cape of Good Hope 1498. 

The Portuguese:
--Vasco da Gama(helped by Abdul Majid= Muslim Gujrati) reached Calicut in 1498 à received warmly by Zamorin.
--Vasco da Gama returned next year =1499.
--[Pedro Alvarej cabral reached India 1500 || Vasco da Gama returned in 1502] = established trading stations at Calicut + Cannanore + Cochin.
--1^st Portuguese  Governor in India = Francis de Almeida ____2^nd Governor = Albuquerque 1510.
--Albuquerque- the 2^nd Governor :
             >>Captured Goa from Bijapur Sultan.
             >>Goa = New capital.
             >>Captured Malacca + Ceylon
             >>built Fort at Calicut.
             >>encouraged Portuguese to marry Indian Girl.

Dutch:
-- 17^th cent Dutch won over Portuguese.
-- Captured Masulipattinam + Pulicat + Surat + Karaikal + Nagapattinam + Chinsura + Kasimbazar.
--Pulicat was initially main trading centre later replaced by Nagapattinam.
-- Mid 17^th Cent = English started emerging as dominant power = Anglo-Dutch Rivalry= for 7 decade= dutch lost.

The English:
--Till 18^th Century = Monarch rule in England ))))))) then(around 3^rd decade of 18^th Cent) PM’s rule .
-- EIC established in 1600.
--Charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth of England. = Monopoly for 15 year
--Captain Hawkins was denied permission for Factory in  Surat by Jahangir (under pressure of Portuguese) 1609.
--Later in 1612, Sir Captain Thomas Best defeated Portuguese in the sea off Surat.
-- Jahangir now gave Britishers permission in 1613  for SURAT.

Matrimonial alliance for Peace with Portuguese

-- King Charles 2 of UK married the Portugese Princes Cattherine =1662.
            >>Dowry = Bombay given to King Charles 2.
            >>BOMBAY was given to EIC on an annual payment of  10 pounds =1668.
            >> Shifted Capital from Surat to Bombay to maintain peace .

--Sir Thomas Roe =1615= permission from Jahangir to trade in different part of  the India.
--1616 a factory at MASULIPATANAM.
--By 1619 = factories at = AGARA , AHMADABAD, BARODA, and BAROCH.

--EIC got “Golden Farman” from sultan of Golkonda on a yearly Payment(500 Pagodas)
                       >>Farman allowed a duty free trade @ Port of Gokonda.
-- Francis Day (a member of Masulipatnam Council—a merchant)=== got permission to Fortify the factory at MADRAS==Later became Fort St. George.
                       >> Masulipatnam was replaced by MADRAS as the capital of british in South India.

--With foothold in madras they expended trade till Orrisa.
**STORY:**
#1651== Sbahdar of Bengal allowed EIC to trade for  Rs. 3000/Year(no duties to be paid) = Hoogly, Kasimbazar etc
# Despite of having such Farman to trade duty free ==they were asked money by custom officers at check point.
# these officers each time cited “Change in Policy” ===Britishers irked.
#William Hedge the 1^st governor of  Company in Bengal====met Shyista Khan, The Mughal Governor in Bengal====for redressal of grief and fortification permission for safety.
# NO SOLUTION ==== Hostilities broke.
#Britishers were brutally harassed -------escaped to unhealthy location= mouth of river Ganga.
## #Job Charnock (a company agent) started negotiation with Mughals to return to a place called SUTANUTI.
###Treaty signed 1690 = imperial Farman =to continue trade @ rupee 3000/year without tax.
###Zamindar (Bardhman)= Sobha Singh ----rebelled====Providing the pretext Britishers were looking for FORTIFICATION.
###Thus Britishers got permission for FORTIFICATION and also renegotiated for Sutanuti, Gobindapur, Kalighat for rupee 1,200 /Year without any duties.

--Later SUTANUTI became ====KOLKATA==fortification = Fort William 1700.
--1^st president of fort William = Sir Charles Eyre.
--1715 = Company got imperial FARMAN from Farukhsiyar= privileges to trade in BENGAL + GUJRAT +HYDRABAD ====AKA Magna Carta  of company .

French:
-- 1664 = French EIC = established by Colbert= a minister under Louis  16.
--came at Surat later shifted to Masulipatnam.
--Francois Martin = founded Pondicherry.
--Chandranagore + Mahe + Karaikal = other settlements.

Dutch:
--1620 = came to india at Tranquebar
--Other settlement = Serampore in Bengal === sold to british.


Anglo French rivalry :

###1^st Carnatic war (1740-1748):###
--Reason:
       >>Austrian war of Succession= England and France on opposite side.
--Pretext:
       >> weak Mughal + political turmoil = allowed indulgence in internal politics.
       >>Nizam ul Mul = a governor of Mughal empire = declared independence in Deccan which included parts of  Carnatic.
--War broke:
       >>French governor Dupleix attacked British in 1746 mirroring conflict of mother nation.
--exploiting internal politics:
      >>English sought help from Nawab of Carnatic Anwar uddin.
      >>French concluded treaty with rival of Nawab = Chanda Sahib.
      >> The Dupleix became 1^st European to interfere in internal affairs.
      >>French got defeated = Battle of Aidyar.
      >>French retaliated by seizing MADRAS from British.
--End of 1^st carnatic war:
      >>Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle = brought Austrian was of succession to conclusion.
      >>MADRAS was given back to BRITISH. And FRENCH got their territory in North America.
--British learned even a disciplined small army can be used to fight Indian rulers= eye opener.

### 2^nd Carnatic War(1749-1754)  ###
--Reason:
     >> after 1^st war----both got the taste of internal politics
     >>both French and British took opposite side in internal politics.
--Story of war:
     >>British had got trade privileges in Hydrabad by Mughal (look story in Kolkata ↑ ).
     >>Mughal became Weak
   
     >>French took the opportunity and supported Muzafar jang(wanted to be of Nizam of Hydrabad).
     >>French from the 1^st war was supporting another aspirant Chanda Sahib(wanted to be Nawab of Arcot,carnatic)
   
      >>British supported from the 1^st war supported Anwar uddin (Nawab of Carnatic).

      >>French side attacked and killed Anwar uddin= Battle of Ambur 1749.
      >>RESULT = Muzafar Jang = Nizam || Chanda Sahib = Nawab of Arcot [French thouth work done]
   
      >>Son of Anwar Uddin = Muhammad Ali==escaped.
      >>British came to rescue.
      >>British commander Robert Clive captured Arcot.
      >>Defeated French near Kaveripatnam.
      >>Killed Chanda Sahib at Tanjore.
--End of 2^nd Carnatic War:
      >>Dupleix was replaced with Godeheu as Governor.
      >>Treaty of Pondichery in 1754.

### 3^rd Carnatic War (1758-1763): ###
--Reason:
       >>Outbreak of Seven Year War(1756-1763)
--Story:
       >>French under Count de Lally(commander).
       >> British under Sir Eyre Coote(General).
       >>Battle of Wandiwash 1760 = French Defeated.
       >>Ponchicherry captured and destroyed.
--End of 3^rd Carnatic War:
       >>Treaty of Paris 1763.
       >>French agreed to confine its activity in Ponicherry , Karraikal(Karaikkal), Mahe,and  Yenam.

Why French go defeated ?
--Commercial + Naval superiority of British.
--Lack of support from French Gov.
--French had support only in Deccan and was fighting there only-----------British had safe zone = Bengal.
--British had 3 ports= Bombay + Madras +Kolkata  ||  French= just 1 = Pondichery .
--difference of opinion between French General.
--England’s victory in the European was decided the destiny of the French in India.

Establishment of British Power in Bengal::
--Battle of Palassey = 1757:
       >British= Robert Clive|| Nawab = Siraj Ud Daulah || treacher = Mir Zafar.
       >>Set the foundation of British Empire.
       >>Showed the consipiracy and planning skill of British.
--Battle of Bauxar = 1764:
        >>Combined army of = Ouwadh + Mughal + Bengal Nawab = was defeated.
        >>British= Robert Clive.
        >>showed the military might of British.
          >>It led to the Treaty of Allahabad= Diwani Right to EIC.

                  INDIA IS NOW A COLONY OF BRITISH