Chapter 4 : sociology NCERT+ Nadeem Hasnain

Chap 4

Population of India and Indian Population Policy

--Population= 17% of World || Area= 2.2% of world’s surface.
--N.E sates= except Assam + Tripura = all has low density
--Delhi+ Chandigarh = highest density.

Sex ratio = varries along state = Kerla best || Rajasthan + Haryana worst (Hindi belt= low)
Natural sex ratio at birth= 950 girls/1000 boys
due to genetic diseases boy dies(XY chromosome).
Hence, adult natural sex ratio=  1050 girls/ 1000 boys.
therefor, less no. Of girls is against nature= infanticides + foesticide + patriarcy.

Literacy rate= Male upper caste > female upper> OBC > SC >ST.
therefore at macro level caste divide still exist.
caste was part of Hinduism ====spread to others=Muslim+jain+buddhist+sikh etc.

SC/ST:
Scheduled Caste = 18% of total population of India

Schedule Tribe:
--9% of total population of India .|| 17% geo area of India.
--Distribution:
   >Western India= Rajasthan +Gujrat + Maharashtra+ Goa+ Daman&dieu  = 28 %
   >Central India =M.P + Chattisgarh + Oddisha +Bihar +Jharkhand +W.Bengal = 55%
   >South India =Karnatka+ Kerla + T.N +Andhra Pradesh= 6%
   >N.E India=more then 70% in A.P+Nagaland+Mizoram+Meghalya = 10 %.

--Major tribe(dec order ↓):
   >Bhils
   >Gonds
   >Santhals
   >Oraons

--Tibal area= 17% of India || 70 % of Forest + Minerals of India.
--Literacy rate among Tribals

Religious composition:
# Religious minorities shows a greater percentage of literacy and education then majority.
example= Parsees, Jains, Jews and Christians = shows this pattern.
                =in Islam=Shia is mionrity within  muslim...shows this pattern.
#reason= in Democratic  setup= if less in number education is only wayout.

Factors influencing the structure and growth of Inidan Population:
1)High fertility @lack of contraception
2)Infant mortality rate
3)Early marraige of girls
4)son preferance
5)Poverty+ Educational backwardness
6)Religious belief + traditions

	India(Current)	SDG target	Global Average
Infant mortality rate(under 5)	32/1000	12/1000	29/1000
Maternal mortality rate	167/1 lakh	70/1 lakh	211/ 1 lakh
Stunting-under 5(Chronic undernutrition)	38%		22%
Wasting(acute undernutrition)	20% (33% of world wasted)		7.3%

Constutional safeguard to Schedule caste:
--Ar ticle 15(4)= State can interven against Ar 29 for advancement of educationally/socially  backward classes.
--Article 15(2) = restriction in access to shops, public restourant, hotels etc
--Article 16
--Article 17
--Article 25b =social welfare + reform + throwing open religious institution to all hindu castes.
--Article 29(2) = denying admission in state funded schools.
--Article 46
--Article 338= National Commission of SC
--Article 341 = President can declare a caste, race or tribe = Schedule Caste.
--Reservation (MP/MLA)= except for assam + Arunachal Pradesh + Nagaland +Meghalya+ Mizoram.

--Legislative measure= Prevention of Civil Rights Act, 1955 = if any person violates it then under Representation of People act, 1951 he will be disquallified from all legislature election for 6 years.