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Shale Gas and Coal-bed Methane Fossil fuels (such as gas, oil and coal), are produced by the slow decomposition of organic matter buried underground as a result of increased temperature and pressure. Shale gas and CBM differ from conventional gas reservoirs as the gas is directly extracted from the rock that was the source of the gas (shale and coal respectively). Shale Gas: Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within fractures and pore spaces within fine-grained sedimentary shale rocks. The Tyndall Centre (2011) identified two major drilling techniques that are used in combination with one another to extract shale gas – horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing : ▼Horizontal drilling is used to provide greater access to the gas trapped deep in the producing formation. At the desired depth, the drill bit is turned to bore a well that stretches through the reservoir horizontally, exposing the well to more of the producing shale; ▼Hydraulic fracturing is where fluid

MCLR Vs Base rate mechanism:  Prior to the introduction of #MCLR, bank had minimum rate of interest known as #Base_rate. Now the formula to calculate base rate had four inputs namely: 1. Cost of deposit like tier I tier II capital deposits etc 2. Operational cost like the price spend to raise business and loan, building operating cost staff cost etc 3. Profit margin which banks seek to make for its shareholders  4. Negative return on CRR since crr money cannot be used by bank for its business nor RBI refunds the opportunity cost to the commercial bank. But this system had some flaw. It was not taking into account Repo rate reverse Repo rate etc into consideration directly.  It was left to the bank. So in 2016, RBI came with another tool called MCLR Marginal Cost of fund based Lending Rate. This MCLR had its own formula of calculation which was borrowed  from the above formula of Base Rate with tweaks and updated input to the formula. MCLR formula also have four inputs. They are: 1. Ope

The Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 has been enacted to provide for the establishment of the Gram Nyayalayas at the grass roots level for the purposes of providing access to justice to the citizens at their doorsteps and to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen due to social, economic or other disabilities. Reasons  for the establishment : 1. Access to justice by the poor and disadvantaged remains a worldwide problem despite diverse approaches and strategies that have been formulated and implemented to address it. In our country, Article 39A DPSP..... click here to know about DPSP  of the Constitution directs the State to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity and shall provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. 2. In the recent past, the Government has taken various measures to strengthen ju