President

  Supplementary Grants Supplementary Grant:  It is granted when the amount authorised by the Parliament through the appropriation act for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be  insufficient  for that year. It is specified by the  Article 115  of the constitution of India, along with Additional and Excess Grants. Other Grants: In addition to the  budget  that contains the ordinary estimates of income and expenditure for one financial year, various other grants are made by the Parliament under extraordinary or special circumstances. Apart from Supplementary Grants, these include: Additional Grant:  It is granted when a need has arisen during the current financial year for additional expenditure upon  some new service  not contemplated in the budget for that year. Excess Grant :  It is granted when money has been spent on any service during a financial year  in excess of the amount granted  f...

Colonial Background:- Administrative division of Santhal Parganas covers the geographical area of Rajmahal hills, and valleys and plains area along the hills. This area was never under jurisdiction of any of the rulers before the arrival of colonial power, more so Damin–i-koh area ( Jungelarry tracts). This area was semi-independent country under Pahariya tribes .The East India Company introduced extractive zamindari system through Zamindars of Sultanbad (Maheshpur) and Ambar (Pakur) to maximise land revenue and also introduced market and monetary economy into the primitive tribal economy in the 18th century. These Zamindars, traders, money lenders, contractors, other service providers and company employees started exploiting the innocent tribal and evicted tribal from their own land. This led to Pahariya Sirkars in 1777-78 and more famous Santhal Insurrection (popularly called Hul) of 1855-57. During this time, British introduced a special system of administration and for this Act XXX...

  Introduction   China’s growing economic and strategic footprint has caused anxiety in the Indo-Pacific region. [3]  The Chinese Navy, apart from creating friendly relations with the littoral states using maritime diplomacy, is a frequent guest at the ports of Karachi, Colombo and many Southeast Asian countries. It conducts exercises beyond its traditional sphere of influence, indicating a clear intent on China’s part to become a major player in this region. Its expanding naval fleet and its pursuit of new naval technologies demonstrate China’s aims to exert influence in these spaces. [4]  As its base in Djibouti is utilised to host aircraft carriers, places like Gwadar, Hambantota and Maldives have also started functioning dually for both commercial and military purposes. [5] Addressing the China challenge—including the concomitant, non-traditional security issues—calls on stakeholders to move from expression of interest to active conversation. For India, Japan and...