Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap-12 Class 11

Chapter 12

Chalukya And Rashtrakuta Dynasty

Chalukya(543-755 AD):
--Two = 1)Western Chalukya(Of Vengi) + 2)Eastern Chalukya(Of Kalyani).
--Pulkeshin 1 =  Founder
--Language= Sanskrit + Kannad

Pulkeshin 2(608-642 AD):
--Source: Aihole inscription (by Ravikirti , a court poet =Jain)
--He defeated= Kadambas of banbasi , Gangas(Ruler= Durvinita) of Mysore , Harshavardhana couldn’t cross Narmada river.
--Got defeated= NarsimhaVarman 1( Pallavas) at Kanchi à title= Vatapikonda (Vatapi=capital of Chalukyas)
--Hiuen Tsang===Visited(Pulkeshins kingdom) à Buddhism decline= Western Deccanà Jainism=no problem====May be because Ravikirti, the court poet, was Jaina.

Successors: Vikramaditya(son of Pulkeshin 2) destroyed Kanchi=revenge taken(from Pallavas)
                       KirtiVarman à Last king= Defeated by Rashtrakuta.


Administration:
--Central Administration à No autonomy to village(Unlike Pallavas and Cholas)
--Great maritime power + kept some standing army


Social Life:
--Chalukya(specially of Badami) = Brahminical Hindus à vedic rites + rituals
--Did Ashwamegha Yagya.
--Respected other religion too à Buddhism = decline + Jainsim =Intact(ex-Ravikirti, court poet=Jain)
--Manigramam = large , influential guild of South Indian Merchant = Western Chalukyan.
 

Art and Architecture:
--Developed Vesera style  in building structure temple(structure temple=no made of single rock)
--Vesera style culminated ===Rashtrakuta dynasty.
--Evolution of of Vesara style during Chalukyas:  
       #2 stages:
              1^st Stage:
                --Temple at Aihole and Badami
                 --At Aihole= 70 temple but 4 are important
                          Flat roofed =Ladh khan temple= pillered hall (image below)

Ladh khan temple

                           Buddha Chaitya= Durga temple (image below)

Durga temple at Aihole

Durga temple (Back side view)
at Aihole

                           Huchimalgudi temple (image below)

Huchimalgudi temple
at Aihole

                           Jain temple at Meguti (image below)

Jain temple
at Aihole

                --At badami:
                            Shiv temple (image below)

Shiv temple(Mukteshwar)
at Badami

 
                            Melagutti temple (image below)
                   

Melagutti temple
at badami

Wall and pillar are adorned by images of God and Humans.

Second stage: temples at Pattadakal.
                -- 10 temples = 4 Nagara + 6 Dravida style.
                --Northern style =Papanatha temple (image below)

Papanatha temple
at Pattadakal

                --Drvidan style= Sangameshwara and Virupaksha temple (image below)

Virupaksha temple
At Pattadikkal

Sangameshwara temple
At Pattadika(Kurnool Andhra pradesh)

                --Virupaksha temple is built on the model of kailashnatha temple at Kanchipuram……(Kanchipuram ruled by Pallawas who were defeated by Chalukya king Vikramaditya2)….the workers were brought form Kanchi(that’s

	Vesara Architecture
	More focus on Vimana and Mandapa .
	Shikhara and Mandapa are joined by Antaral à no ambulatory path around sanctum Sanctorum. Open ambulatory passage
	Pillars , doorways and ceiling were decorated with carvings

Rashtrakuta(755-975 AD):
--Rashtrakuta were of Kanada origin
--Mother Tongue= Kannada
--Founder = Dantidurga

Dantidurga:
--Founder
--Defeated Gurjara  and captured Malwas.
--Annexed Chalukya kingdom by defeating Kirtivarman 2.

Krishna
--Defeated  Gangas and eastern Chalukya of Vengi
--Built rock cut= Kailash temple  at Ellora

Govinda 2:
--victory over north Kingdom

Amoghavarsha:
--longest time = 64 years à lost control over Gangavadi and Malwa.
--Cultural development
--Follower of Jainism
--wrote  Kavirajmarga = a kanada work.
--constructed capital of Rastrakuta=City of Malkhed or Manyakheda.

Krishna 3:
--known for Expedition.
--Marched against Chola à defeting him at tokkolam.
--capture Tanjore and Rameshwaram (for sometime)
--Built temple at Rameshwaram= Krishneshwara temple
--Rashtrakuta declined after his death

Administration:
--Kingdom   divided into  Rashtras(province) under Rashtrapati
--Rashtra divided into       Vishya(district) under Vishyapati
--Vishya divided into         Bhukti(collection of Villages) under Bhogpati.
--Village administration by  village headman but village assembly played important role.
--Central administration = all officers= appointed by centre.(unlike pallawas and Cholas)


Society and Economy:
--Vaishnavism and Shaivism flourished.
--Jainism = flourished(as written by Hiuen Tsang)
                 =33.33% population of Deccan= Jaina
                 =Amoghvarsha follower of Jainism.
--Buddhism=Hiuen Tsang à decline of Buddhism.
                     =Buddhist settlement=Kanheri,Sholapur and Dharwar= harmony with other religion.
                     =Harmony then why declined= No patronage.
--Education= College at Bijapur
                      =Inscription = Collage funded by endowment made by rich and villagers during festivals and functions.
--Trade = with Arab(friendly relation with arab)

Kailashnath temple(in one of the cave of Ellora)
Front view

Kailashnath temple(in one of the cave of Ellora)
Shikhara view

Kailasnath temple(in one of the cave of Ellora)
Pillar in kailasnath

Kailashnath temple (in one of the cave of Ellora)
pillared hall

Cultural contribution:
--Patronised = Sanskrit  + Kannada literature.
--Sanskrit:
        --Nalachampu written by Trivikarma.
        --Kavirahashya written by  Halayudha(during Krishna 3)
        --Jaina literature ===under Amoghvarsha 1
       --Parsavabhudaya Biography of Parsava in Verses ==written by Jainasena(teacher of Amoghavarsha)
       --Adipuran= life of various Jaina saint= written by  Gunabhadra.
       --Amoghvritti= grammar work= written by Sakatayna.
       --Ganitasharam = written by Viracharya (great mathematician of time)

--Kannada:
          --Begin to flourish during Rashtrakuta.
          --Kavirajmargha= written by Amoghavarsha = king= the first kannada poemc.
          --Vikramsenavijya=Written by Pampa  was greatest Kannada poet.
          --Santipurana= written by Ponna.


Art and Architecture
--Kailashnath cave  and Elephanta cave  carved out of single mountain
--Kailasnatha (in one of the cave of Ellora):
        --3 tiered sikhara
        --shikhara resembles mammalapuram ratha
        --Sculpture=Godessdurga killing buffalo, Ravan try to lift kailasha, scenes of Ramayna
       --mix of Nagara and Dravida à Dravida more prominent.

--Elephanta cave
         --On Island from mumbai’s India gate (ticket 200rupee)
         --Portugese shaw elephant statue===called the island=elephant island.
         --by design= elephant and Ellora(kailash) seems to mad by same craftmen..
         --Shiva= Ardhnarishwara , Gangadhara, Natraja and Trimurti(3 faces of shiva in one body………..each face= creator, destroyer and preserver)

Elephanta Cave
in elephanta Island near mumbai

Natraja posture sculpture
Elephanta cave

Trimurti scupture
in elephanta cave