Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap-13 Class 11

Chapter 13

Imperial Cholas

Origin:
--Chola declined to feudarity Uraiyur after the end of Sangam period.
--In 9^th cent AD Vijalya (The founder of Chola Dynasty)
--source = Temple inscription = society + economy+administration
--Prantaka 1= Built Vimana of Nataraja temple at Chimdambaram with Golden roof.

Rajaraja 1(985-1014 AD):
--Under Rajaraja + his son Rajendra 1 = highest peak.
--Foreign Occupied = Srilanka + Maldavies +malay island
--In Sri lanka  = built Shiva temple =Polanaruva.
--Deomestically occupied= Chera + Pandya + Telgu Choda à extended till Tunghabhadra
--Shivite
--Built = Rajarajeshwara temple AKA Brihadeshwara temple
--Helped in the construction of Buddhist monestry= at Nagapattinam.

Rajendra (1102- 1044 AD):
-- 100% annexation of Sri Lanka.
--Tungabhadra became Norther boundary -------separating Western Chalukya
--Conqured till Ganga in North à made Gangaikondacholapura a city in T.N
--Built Rajeshwaram temple
--Shaiviteà Tolerant towards Vaihsnavism and Buddhism
--Followed Matrimonial Alliances à Married her Daughter Amoghvarsha to Chalukya of Vengi.
--After him empire became weak à daughter of Amoghvarsha Kullotunga ruled and joined vengi with Chola empire.
--Rajendra 3 last ruler à Empire finally got absorbed in Pandya  kingdom.

Central Administration:
--Revenue department =Puravuvarithinaikkalam
--Non tax land = Residential + Temple
--Taxes = Land + Toll + custom +Marriage + Judicail fine etc.
--Remission of Tax = hard times
--Kullotunga 1 = abolished Toll tax ===took title Sungam Tavirtta Cholan.

Military Adminsitration:
          --Royal Standing army
          --Royal troop = Kaikkolaperumpadai.
          --King’s Bodyguard= Velaikkarar.
          --Army Cantonment = Kadagams.
          --Impact= Bay Of Bangal à for sometimes = Chola Lake.

Provincial Administration:
-- Empire ----------Divided into = Mandalams====under royal princes or officers.
--Mandalams-----Divided into= Valanadus=====under Periyanattar
--Valanadu--------Divided into= Nadus=========under Nattar
--Nadu--------------Contained number of  autonomous village.
--Towns =Nagarams =============under Nagarattar.
Village assemble:
    --system of autonomy with sabha à reached its peak (duringchola)
    --Each Village ===no. of Wards
    --each wards has ward members ===They nominated 1 person(from each ward) for  Village council.
     --Qualification of Ward member (source= Uttiramerur @ Prantaka 1):
                          --Have  1/4^th  of Veli land. (1 veli = 2.6 Hactare).
                          --Should have residence(Home).
                          --30  to 70 Year
                          --know Veda.
     --Disqualification:
                          --sinner
                          --stolen the property
                          --failed to submit account to committee members.
                          --Is member from last 3 year.
             HOW TO BECOME A WARD MEMBER

STEP 1 = Each qualified member submits his name.
STEP 2= Kudavolai System = Lottery drawn by kids(Boy/Girls)
STEP 3=names of eligible person on Palm leaves put in  pot.
STEP 4=Young boys/girls will take out  name.
            +++Portfolio system= member(Ward)  selected will be allocated into 5 differen portfolios .
6 portfolios = 6  Variyams
Members in portfolios = Variyapperumakkal.
--Usually met in Temple / Tree.
strength of ward members= Variable.

Soco-economic life:
--Caste system prevailed ==Later chola inscription à Valangai + Idangai castes
--all castes = Lived in social and economic harmony.
--Women status= Bad= Sati among royal ==Devdashi
--Religion = Shaivism + Vaishnavism Flourished.
--Agriculture= reclamation of forest + Irrgigation tanks= prosperity
--Trade= Soudi Arabia(horse ) + China +Sumatra +Java etc
--Industry= Weaving industry(Silk at Kanchi) + Metal work (temple demand)
--Temple(Matha) was centre for trade.

Education and Literature:
--Collages existed
--Usually run---Land grant
--Subject= Veda, Maths, Medicine etc
--Literature:
                 --Tamil literature = Peak
                 --Ramayan = written b y Kamban.
                 --Periyapuranam or Tiruttondarpuranam = written by Swkkilar.
                

Art and Architecture:
--Vimana= special feature
--Temple= Brihadeshwar, Shiva temple at Gangaikondacholapuram, Airvateshwar temple at Tanjore, Kampahareshwara  temple at Tribuvnam
--Bronje statue= of Natraja or dancing shiva
--Paintings on wall like Tanjore temple

Brihadeshwara temple
at Tanjore

                

Kampaheshwara temple
at Tribhuvnam

Airawateshwara temple
at Tanjore