Chapter 12
The Oceans
--International Council for the Exploration of sea. ===does reserch/ funding.
Ocean Relief
1)The continental shelf:
>Formation = 1)Sea level ↑ 2)Wave Erosion 3) Deposition.
>Wider the shelf===less slope.
>Mountainous region==Like that of Andes==No shelf is possible.
>Transportation:
>>continental shelf=limited depth + gentle slope= Height of Tide ↑ .
>>makes Port construction difficult===Ships can leave/enter during Tides.
>>Yet some of worlds greatest port are in continental shelf=London + Rotterdam, Hong kong and Singapore.
>>Ports in Western coast > Eastern coast.
>>> West coast=Deep=non deltaic river+ coast of submergence , Except Malabar coast.
>>> East Coast=shallow shelf= sediment by river+ Coast of Emergant.
>Life= shallow +Light = Phytoplankton= Fishing ground.
2)The continental Slope = at the edge of continental shelf==it forms angle.
3)Deep sea plain:
>AKA Abyssal plain.
>Appearance= undulating + several structure (= ridges+ trench +plain + plateau + island etc).
4)Trenches:= near continent= especially in pacific= Mariana trench @ Guam Island.
3 types of Oceanic Deposits
1)Mud =Terrigenous deposit= from Land= blue/Green/Red @chemicals= on Continental shelf mainly.
2)Oozes= Pelagic deposits= from “Skeleton/ shell”= calcareous remains.
3) Clays= mainly “Red clay”= vocanic dust=in ocean floor= abundant in pacific.
The Oceans
--International Council for the Exploration of sea. ===does reserch/ funding.
Ocean Relief
1)The continental shelf:
>Formation = 1)Sea level ↑ 2)Wave Erosion 3) Deposition.
>Wider the shelf===less slope.
>Mountainous region==Like that of Andes==No shelf is possible.
>Transportation:
>>continental shelf=limited depth + gentle slope= Height of Tide ↑ .
>>makes Port construction difficult===Ships can leave/enter during Tides.
>>Yet some of worlds greatest port are in continental shelf=London + Rotterdam, Hong kong and Singapore.
>>Ports in Western coast > Eastern coast.
>>> West coast=Deep=non deltaic river+ coast of submergence , Except Malabar coast.
>>> East Coast=shallow shelf= sediment by river+ Coast of Emergant.
>Life= shallow +Light = Phytoplankton= Fishing ground.
2)The continental Slope = at the edge of continental shelf==it forms angle.
3)Deep sea plain:
>AKA Abyssal plain.
>Appearance= undulating + several structure (= ridges+ trench +plain + plateau + island etc).
4)Trenches:= near continent= especially in pacific= Mariana trench @ Guam Island.
3 types of Oceanic Deposits
1)Mud =Terrigenous deposit= from Land= blue/Green/Red @chemicals= on Continental shelf mainly.
2)Oozes= Pelagic deposits= from “Skeleton/ shell”= calcareous remains.
3) Clays= mainly “Red clay”= vocanic dust=in ocean floor= abundant in pacific.
Salinity of Ocean
--Salinity distribution map= Isohalines.
--Salts=NaCL 70% + Mg +K +Ca etc = same in proportion across ocean even in depth= Different concentration.
-- Lake Van= highest Salinity @ 330parts of salt per thousand parts of water (Avg =35.2 per 1000).
--Factors:
>Rate of evaporation
>fresh water added.
>connection with ocean.
Temperature of Ocean water
--Temp beyond 2000 fathom= constant approx.
--bottom temp always > Freezing point.
The Movement of Ocean Current:
1)Planetary wind= most dominant factor== ex- North of Indian ocean -- Ocean current changes with Monsoon wind.
2)Temperature
3)Salinity
4)Earth's Rotation.
5)Land
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