Social Movement: Indian Society

Chapter 12

Social Movement in India

Social and Religious Reform:
1)Brahmo Samaj:
    >by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
    >Reformist= AKA harbinger of social reform
    >instrumental in passing legislation against Sati.
    >against= Caste system+ Child marriage +Multiple god etc
    >Weakness=limited to  Urban bengalese + internal dissent after him.

2)Arya Samaj (1875):
    >by Swami Dayanand saraswati
    >Revivalist
    >Phillosophy= Vedas are infalliable.
    >Against Caste system but accepted Varna system.
    >Against= untouchablity(attracted low caste movement later)
    >Supported= gender equality(not coed education) + Philoosophy and science from Veda
    >negatives = Sudhdhi Movement---Rift between Hindus and Muslims (Great tradition and Little tradition @read Tabligh movement ↓)

3)Aligarh Movement (1875):
    >by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
    >Reformist (like Raja Ram Mohan Roy)
    >Phillosophy= accepted Quran in rational way è that is rejected any interpretation that was against modern science and rationality.
    >promoted= hindu-Muslim Unity  + Womens education +opened Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College University (AMU)
    >AMU= non communal + all caste + all religion can study.
    >against= Purdah system + Polygamy

4)Tablighi movement (1920):
    >by Maulana Muhammad Ilyas
    >Great tradition and Little tradition :
         >>Great religion == hinduism, Islam etc = higly institutional.
         >>Little religion == local culture.
         >>Implication= In a geographical location....people can differ in Great tradition but shares Little tradition.
         >>Tabligh Movement rose against “Sudhi Movement” of Arya Samaj.
         >>Little tradition  the cultural bridge started to fade.
         >>Ilyas started = Islamisation of Hindu coustom and practices --à heightened Islamic identity.

Backward Classes movement:
>Backward class= OBC +SC + ST (but here mainly OBC)
>Backward Class type:
   >>1) Landed class =
      >>>Jat (Punjab+ Haryana) ; Reddy (Andhra Pradesh); Yadav and Kurmi(UP+Bihar);
      >>>Low Caste hindu above pollution line.
   >>2)Artisan and Cultivator:
      >>>Below Landed class
      >>>Agricultural Labour + potter etc
   >>3)Untouchables:
      >>>Schedule caste

Movement:
Jyotiba Phule:
   >Maharashtra
   >Satyashodhak Samaj learnt form Black people’s struggle in USA
   >Sahuji Maharaj supported this movement.
   >Opened School in Pune with his wife= Savitri Phule.
   >Against Brahmins.

Justice Movement (1920):
>Madras
 >Periyar Ramaswami Naicker = anti brahminist
>diff from Phule’s= anti Brahminism but pro Dravidism....Dravidian are better then Aryan.
>Rituals without priest.
>Self respect movement --à Later in 1916 become Justice Movement.
>Justice movement --------àDK-àDMK (1959)preset (anti hindi agitation party)

>Justice movent led anti Brahmin protest in Mysore.
  >>diff= it was not pro dravid.....just against Brahminism.
  >>Led by Lingayat+ Vokkaliga + Backward muslims.

>Spread to kerla.


Yadav movement:
>Yadav is generic name== Ahir (N India) ; Golla (Andhra pradesh) ; Konar (TN) ; Ilyan (Kerla).
>Occupation= cattle haerder + Milk producer + cultivator.
>recognised operation---identified lineage with Krishna.
>Early 20^th centuary = took identit as Yadav
>Arya samaj:
   >>Yadav attached to arya samaj (because “Arya samaj....believe in early Veda...Varna is not by born but by work)
    >>started using sacred thread
     >>Through sanskritisation grew in status.
     >>All India Yadav Mahasabha 1923.

Nadar movement:
>1895 T.N
>originally = Toddy tappers
>Claimed Khatriya varna

Pallis Movement:
>Pallis = an agricultural caste
>identified with Pallava= Kshatriya.

  
Dalit Movement:
>influenced by Arya samaj + Satyasodhak samaj
>1)Struggle for self respect and confidence  2)overhaul of Social system
>Ambedkar became popular leader= First world war + Russian Revolution= promoted his leadership.
>Dalit movement was supported by Communist
>Ambedkar was also Communist.......INC was also embracing communism.

>Dalit Panther Movement ------inspired from “American Black Panther”
    >>Peole of dalit panther......wrote  poems and literature of revolutionary and militant nature.
    >>Harbingered “Dalit Sahitya”.

Tribal Movements:
>Most of tribal struggle=====Against State.
>Type:
   1)Ethnic rebellion= Santhal revolt/ rebellion.
   2)Reform Movement==Tana bhagat movement of Oran tibe
   3)Political autonomy within state= Jharkhand + Bodoland movement.
   4)Secessionist movement =”Naga” and “Mizo”
   5)Agrigarian unrest= Naxalbari movement  among Santhals.

>Many went for Sanskritisation.

Peasant movement ususally occured in Rice Producing areas:
àchances of failure was more.
à Inequality was more in these areas.
àMoplah rebellion = 1920....peasant = Muslims + jamindar= Hindu ===Communal outlook.
àBhoodan movement by Vinoba bhave === 1950_s .

Kishan Sabha:
>Left movement = 1936
>born out of = 49^th Convention of INC.
>Brought peasants issue in centre of politics.
>Adcocated= new tax regime....only rich peasant to pay tax.


After Independance= 1)Telangana movement + 2)Tebhaga movement(West bengal)

Telangana Movement:
>against feudal condition of Princely state.
>