Fundamental Right : M Laxmikanth

Fundamental Right

STATE [Ar 12]: Public ==centre and state gov, statuary or non statuary body; Private==Agency working as instrument of state .
Features:
1) Not absolute
2) portection against state  and Individual(15,23,24)
3) No constitunal remedies when :
                                          A person violates the rule that is meant for protection from state---Ordinary Law
                                               à Individual stopping another individual to enjoy Article 25.
4) Positive list + Negitive list
5) Can go to SC or HC directly for remedy
6) Most are self executed but many need parliamentary law (not by state legislature)
7) Limited scope:
                              a)suspended during emergency : 352 à article 20 & 21 (ar 19 in case of  when external
                                                                                                         aggression and not internal armed rebellion.)
                               b)restricting article:
                                                        Ar 31:
                                                                  Ar 31A[1st Amndmnt]=Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates.
                                                                  Ar 31B[1st Amndmnt]=Validation of certain act and regulation in shedule 9.

                                                                     Ar 31C[25th Amndmnt]=saving law to give effect to DPSP .

                                                        Ar 33= Not applicable to Paramilitary police Intelligence agenicies(and
                                                                     simmilar agencies).
                                                        Ar 34= Martial Law.

Judicial review:
Ar 13 = law inconsistent not Valid. ……………..SC(ar 32) and HC(ar226).
              Law= legislative(even ordinance or executive order) + non legislative(norms having power of
                         law)…Although Constitutional amendment is not a law under  ar13 but Keshwananda Bharti case it came under perview of judicial review.

Rights not Available to Foreigners:

Article15:  They needs to be discriminated as-->Puri temple (Religious belief)

Article 16: Gov should work for citizens employment first

Article 19: Ex- case where Pakistani had opened restourent in WB| freedom of speech if creates issue-->Diplomatic challange

Article 29: foreigners cant be considered minority in India

Article 30: foreigners cant be considered minority in India

RIGHT TO EQUALITY   AR14:   
--Both citizen + foreigner
--Not deny any person(Foreigner)  equality before law; Person= person,legal person(corporation,companies etc)
--Basic Structure
--Exception:
                     361= President and Governor  immunity
                     361 A=no punishment for Publication in news of proceedings(parliament and state legislature)
                     105= Parliamentary privilages.
                     194= State legislative privilages.
                     31 C= where ar 31C comes ar 14 goes ---SC.
                     Not applicable on foreign diplomats, and UN and its agencies.

Prohibition of discrimination on certain grounds  Ar 15
-- No discrimination --------only……..Race, religion, caste,sex, place of birth.
--Private and public = cant discriminate.
-- exception== Women and Child ;head of religious denomination.
--Reservation ==backward Class and schedule caste and tribe…Promotion reservation=SC/St
                               Backlog promotion can breach 50% reservation limit.


Equality of opportunity in public employment  Ar 16:
--For state
--Exception:
                     1)Parliament can prescribe resident as a condition. à Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
                     2)Backward class à not adequately represented.
                     3)Incumbent of an office related to religion.

Abolition of untouchablity  Ar 17:
--Civil Right = Right accruing to a person by reason of the abolition of untouchablity by article 17.
--convicted of untouchablity==Cant fight election.
--Available against the private individual:
                                         Can be punished by  Sc/St Act:
                                                    àAmmendment= Sc/St amendment 2015 introduced new provision “Imposing or threatening a social boycott on a Sc/St member is now an offence”

Abolition of Titles  Ar18:
--State cant confer title to citizen + foreigner
--Citizen cant accept any title(hereditary) from foreigner
--No citizen or foreigner helding any office can accept gifts
--Exception= merit + military

Right to freedom  Ar 19:
--Only against state action not private
--Article 19 = internal(Domestic) movement ////////// Article 21 = international movement-Personal liberty.
--Right to form political parties, companies, partnership firms, societies, clubs, organization, trade unions or any body of person.
Limitation
                --Right to obtain recognition is not fundamental right.
                --Trade union = No right to strike or lock out or bargain.
                --Free movement= schedule tribe and Public intrest.
                --Immoral profession and monopoly in some sector

Protection in respect of conviction for offences Ar 20:
--Foreigner  ,Citizen  and legal person= corporation.
--Retrospective law can be made in Civil law (not criminal).

Protection of life and personal liberty  Ar21:
--Citizen + Foreigner.
--Due process of Law ---------------in Menka Gandhi Vs Union of India.
--includes: right against Solitary confinement , free legal aid,speedy trial,timely medical treatment,against handcuffing, travel abroad,RTI,right to social security and protection of the family, bar fetters, right to sleep,pollution, electricity.
Articly 21 A = free and compulsory education 6-14 year.

Protection against arrest and detention  Ar 22:
--Citizen and Foreigner.
--Punitice and preventive detention
--Only applicable to Criminal or quasi criminal Act ////////civil act(not applicable)=Income tax,deportation of alien.
--Detention act (National Security Act, TADA earlier  etc)
--Preventive detention:
                                          -- 3 month detention without trial
                                          -- 44^th amendment  changed 3 month detention to 2 month==not in force yet

                                          --Concurrent list.

Prohibition of traffic in human being and Forced labor Ar 23:

--Citizen +   Foreigner
--begari, slavery  not allowed……working below minimum wage = bonded labour===bonded by economic pressure.
--MNREGA== paid below minimum wage.
--Exception:
                    --state can impose compulsory service for public purpose.
                     --Ex- military services or social services (without any discrimination)

Prohibition of employment of children in factories etc.  Ar 24:
--Below 14 year (upto 6- 14 free education==ar 21 A)
--Can work in harmless environment.
--as per SC == Child labor rehabilitation  fund.
--Child labour ammendement 2016 :
                                                           --no child labour (irrespectiveof danger) below 14
                                                           --14 – 18 year only in Harmless env.

Right to religion Ar 25:

--Citizen + foreigner.
-- individual freedom (collective in Ar26)
--belief + ritual
--Wearing and carrying of kripan  is allowed for Sikh religion
--Forced conversion not allowed.
--reasonable restriction can be allowed, reforms, allowing women and others to enter institution

Right to manage religios affairs Ar 26:

--collective freedom or religious denomination freedm (Individual in A25)
--Aurobindo society is not a religious denomination à bcoz it is baised on Ideas &philosophy and not
   belief

Freedom from taxation for promotion of a religion Ar27:

--No taxes for promotion of religion.
--State cant levy taxes but can lavy fee for maintenance .

Freedom from attending religious instruction  Ar28:

--no religious instruction in state connecte educational institution.

Protection of intrest of minorities Ar 29:

--Language and script or culture of its own
--No person denied admission in school by state ; religion ,caste, language.
--it includes right to agitate for protection of language:
                                                political speeches or promises made for the conservation of the language of a
                                                section of the citizens does not amount to corrupt practices under  
                                                Representation of people act 1951.

Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions Ar 30:

--minority =establish and administer educational institution.

Right to constitutional remedies Ar 32:

--SC can order writs. (HC under article 226 can issue writs)
--Parliament can authorize any other court to issue writs(not HC as its in Ar 226).
--Ar 359 = President can suspend right to move to court for Ar 32 during national emergency.
--expeditious, inexpensive, and summary remedy.

Writs

Difference between SC and HC writs:

Attributes	Supreme Court	High court
Scope	Fundamenta right(FR) only	FR + ordinary law
jurisdiction	Complete india	Origin within its territory
defender	Can’t refuse to issue –Ar32	Can refuse—not in FR(Ar226)

Habeas corpus:
--Have his body
--protect against arbitrary detention---individual liverty.

Mandamus:
--we command.  à perform your duty.
--public body, corporation, tribunal or government
--cant be issued:
                               1) president 2)CJI 3)to inforce contractual agreement 4)private individual etc.

Prohibition:
--To forbid
--higher court to lower court.===usurping jurisdiction.
--against judicial & quasi judicial body.

Certiorari:
-- To be certified or to be informed.
--Higher court to lower court.
--case ka file maangne ke kaam ata hai.
--both preventive and curative.
--Judicail , quasi judicial,  administrative body.
-- Not issued  against Legislative(for independance) and individual.

Quo-Warranto:
--By whose waarant.
--Legality of claim for holding office.
--Cant be issued against Ministerial office  and private individual.

Martial Law
--Not mentioned explicitly -------Implicit in article 34
--ordinary court + gov = suspended
--Ground = not mentioned in court.
--Tribunal established can’t be issued writ by SC.
--Habeaus corpus not suspended.
--Philosophy===Force can defeat force
--Diff from article 352
--any officer done wrong===can only be identified by Parliament and not court.

Usurping State List  Ar 35:
--Parliament  shall have the power to legislate on FR(only Article16(3),32(3), 33and 34) matters.
--It can usurp matters in state list for FR implementation.

Criticism of FR (Fundamental Right):
--1—Excessive Limitation.
--2—No social and economic right (right to work, rest, leisure etc) à advanced +USSR present.
--3—No clarity ===Public order , minority, reasonable restriction, public intrest etc = ambiguous.
--4—No  permanency===right to property eliminated.
--5—Suspended in emergency===except article 20 and 21 (Ar 19 if external aggression in Ar 352)
--6—Expensive remedy.
--7—Preventive detention ========Ar 22 takes away the spirit of other FR
                                                No democratic country in world has preventive detention in constution.
--8—No consistent philosophy===liberal idea + martial law(force will stop force)+social reform+ Ar 22 etc.