Chapter 2
Pre-Historic India and the Harrapan
2) Mesolithic Age (10,000 – 6000 BCE)
Location:
-Langanj(Gujrat)
-Adamgarh(MP---iron ore= not used in complete prehistoric period)
-some place of Rajasthan, UP , Bihar
3) Neolithic Age(6000- 4000 BCE)
-Location:
-Kashmir Valley
-Chirand (Bihar)
-Belan Valley (UP)
- Deccan = Payampalli(TN) ; Maski, Brahmgiri, hallur and kodaikal(karnatka) ; Utnur(Andhra pradesh)
Phase of evolution === 1)Pre harrapa 2) Mature harrapa 3)Late harrapa
1)Pre harrapa
Location = eastern Baluchistan à Mehergarh , Amri, Kot diji
Identification:
--different pottery style then mature Harrapa.
--Food almost same= Wheat , barley etc.
start= transition from nomadic to sttled life
End= Urbanisation à transition from rural to urban
2)Mature Harrpa
Location= Kalibaghan , Mohanjodaro , Harrapa etc
Identification:
Features= Town planning + Urban features
Agriculture:
>>Plough field =Kalibangan(Rajasthan).==furrows were at Right angle= different crop at a time.
>>Terracotta models of Plough= Cholistan + Banawali(Haryana).
3)Late Harrapa
Location : Lothal
Identification = dessertion of region
Socio economic Condition
EX- expeditions to areas such as the Khetri region of Rajasthan (for copper) and south India (for gold). These expeditions established communication with local communities. Occasional finds of Harappan artefacts such as steatite micro beads in these areas are indications of such contact.
Other contemporary culture:
--Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture:
>>in Khetri region = Rajasthan
>>AKA Ahar culture and Banas culture = near Ahar and Banas River = connected to sabarmati river.
>>abundance of Copper
>>distinctive non-Harappan pottery and an unusual wealth of copper objects
>>Expedition of Harrapan for trade to these culture or settlement.
--Navdatoli:
>>southern banks of the Narmada.
>>AKA Malwa Culture
>>Ahar culture phase was followed by the Malwa culture.
>>A lot of stone artefacts, as compared to copper, were found at this culture’s site.
>>Indicating that there might have been a shortage of copper..
Socil life:
Man + women = Beads , two piece cloths(Upeer and Lower)
Women= Jewelary, ankelt, bracelt, bangles
FUN= Dice, Marbles, bull fighiting and some times hunting
Pre-Historic India and the Harrapan
Culture
The pre-Historic
period:
-No written record
-History= archeological evidence
4 Types:
1) Paleolithic Age (Before 10,000 BCE)
Location:
-Potwar Pleatue(North east pakistan)
-Shivalik (South himalya)
-Son valley
-Adamgarh hills(Narmada velley)
-Bhimbedka(M.P)
-Kurnool(Andhra Pradesh)
-Attirampakkam (Tamil Nadu)
-Profession= Hunter & Gatherers
-Weapons= Stone tools à Hand sized to large Flanked pebbles
-Hunting= Large animal à required group à Language unknown
-later period= crude pottery and domestication of animal --------- grow some food very crude form
-No written record
-History= archeological evidence
4 Types:
1) Paleolithic Age (Before 10,000 BCE)
Location:
-Potwar Pleatue(North east pakistan)
-Shivalik (South himalya)
-Son valley
-Adamgarh hills(Narmada velley)
-Bhimbedka(M.P)
-Kurnool(Andhra Pradesh)
-Attirampakkam (Tamil Nadu)
-Profession= Hunter & Gatherers
-Weapons= Stone tools à Hand sized to large Flanked pebbles
-Hunting= Large animal à required group à Language unknown
-later period= crude pottery and domestication of animal --------- grow some food very crude form
2) Mesolithic Age (10,000 – 6000 BCE)
Location:
-Langanj(Gujrat)
-Adamgarh(MP---iron ore= not used in complete prehistoric period)
-some place of Rajasthan, UP , Bihar
-Profession = Hunting small animal, Horticulture,
Fishing, Primitive cultivation
-Weapon = small tools= microliths(~5cm), Bow and arrow
-Hunting= Small animal
-domestication = boar, dear, dog
-Implication= stayed longer at places
-Later period= Transition to neolithic period----An era of agriculture and sophistication.
-Weapon = small tools= microliths(~5cm), Bow and arrow
-Hunting= Small animal
-domestication = boar, dear, dog
-Implication= stayed longer at places
-Later period= Transition to neolithic period----An era of agriculture and sophistication.
3) Neolithic Age(6000- 4000 BCE)
-Location:
-Kashmir Valley
-Chirand (Bihar)
-Belan Valley (UP)
- Deccan = Payampalli(TN) ; Maski, Brahmgiri, hallur and kodaikal(karnatka) ; Utnur(Andhra pradesh)
-Profession = Farmers, but still hunted
-Weapons= Polished stone tool à efficient in cutting
-Society= Settled Village community à house transformed from hush to Mud à no stone house
-Pottery = highly finished à used of wheel
-Burrial= yes …some time coffins
-Clothes= cotton , wools.
-Weapons= Polished stone tool à efficient in cutting
-Society= Settled Village community à house transformed from hush to Mud à no stone house
-Pottery = highly finished à used of wheel
-Burrial= yes …some time coffins
-Clothes= cotton , wools.
4) Metal age (6000
BCE onwards)
Chalcolithic age = use of copper and Bronze
Stone tools= still used
Impact= ore is not uniformly available à people are settled à led to large network of trade for ore
Location = Near river basin à Harrapa is thought to be its part
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Later = Iron age à mentioned in veda à not prehistoric
Chalcolithic age = use of copper and Bronze
Stone tools= still used
Impact= ore is not uniformly available à people are settled à led to large network of trade for ore
Location = Near river basin à Harrapa is thought to be its part
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Later = Iron age à mentioned in veda à not prehistoric
Harrapa Civilisation(2300-1750 BCE)
 |
| Harrapan Sites. Eastern most site= Rakhigarhi |
Phase of evolution === 1)Pre harrapa 2) Mature harrapa 3)Late harrapa
1)Pre harrapa
Location = eastern Baluchistan à Mehergarh , Amri, Kot diji
Identification:
--different pottery style then mature Harrapa.
--Food almost same= Wheat , barley etc.
start= transition from nomadic to sttled life
End= Urbanisation à transition from rural to urban
2)Mature Harrpa
Location= Kalibaghan , Mohanjodaro , Harrapa etc
Identification:
Features= Town planning + Urban features
Agriculture:
>>Plough field =Kalibangan(Rajasthan).==furrows were at Right angle= different crop at a time.
>>Terracotta models of Plough= Cholistan + Banawali(Haryana).
3)Late Harrapa
Location : Lothal
Identification = dessertion of region
Socio economic Condition
-Rods at right angle
-citadel:
raised platform à mud bricks( ratio l:b:h = 4:2:1)
direction = citadel always on Western part.
-fortification:
Entire settlement fortified = Dholavira and Lothal (Gujrat)
Citadel was fortified = Dholavira, all sites. ===> water reservoirs.....might be used for irrigation.
-Absence of Stone building
-Domestic Arch:
Bathroom, well near entrance(for paser by), Courtyard, Privacy(windows @ hight and orientation)
-Drainage = Burnt bricks
-Trace of Canal= only in Shortughai(Afganistan), water reserovoir(not canal) used in Dholavira.
-Great bath à water tight= Gypsum , water source = near by well,
-crops = wheat barley
-No info about Horses
-Gold and silver both were being used
Craft production = Chanudaro(In pakistan east of indus) àdevoted for craft = bead, shell and seal making , metal working and weight making.
2 Strategy for metal procuring:
1) settlement = made small sattlement at resource area
EX- such sites were Shortughai, in far-off Afghanistan, near the best source of lapis lazuli, a blue stone that was apparently very highly valued,
and Lothal which was near sources of carnelian (from Bharuch in Gujarat),
steatite (from south Rajasthan and north Gujarat) and metal (from Rajasthan).
2)Expedition= to different settlement and culture.
-citadel:
raised platform à mud bricks( ratio l:b:h = 4:2:1)
direction = citadel always on Western part.
-fortification:
Entire settlement fortified = Dholavira and Lothal (Gujrat)
Citadel was fortified = Dholavira, all sites. ===> water reservoirs.....might be used for irrigation.
-Absence of Stone building
-Domestic Arch:
Bathroom, well near entrance(for paser by), Courtyard, Privacy(windows @ hight and orientation)
-Drainage = Burnt bricks
-Trace of Canal= only in Shortughai(Afganistan), water reserovoir(not canal) used in Dholavira.
-Great bath à water tight= Gypsum , water source = near by well,
-crops = wheat barley
-No info about Horses
-Gold and silver both were being used
Craft production = Chanudaro(In pakistan east of indus) àdevoted for craft = bead, shell and seal making , metal working and weight making.
2 Strategy for metal procuring:
1) settlement = made small sattlement at resource area
EX- such sites were Shortughai, in far-off Afghanistan, near the best source of lapis lazuli, a blue stone that was apparently very highly valued,
and Lothal which was near sources of carnelian (from Bharuch in Gujarat),
steatite (from south Rajasthan and north Gujarat) and metal (from Rajasthan).
2)Expedition= to different settlement and culture.
EX- expeditions to areas such as the Khetri region of Rajasthan (for copper) and south India (for gold). These expeditions established communication with local communities. Occasional finds of Harappan artefacts such as steatite micro beads in these areas are indications of such contact.
Other contemporary culture:
--Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture:
>>in Khetri region = Rajasthan
>>AKA Ahar culture and Banas culture = near Ahar and Banas River = connected to sabarmati river.
>>abundance of Copper
>>distinctive non-Harappan pottery and an unusual wealth of copper objects
>>Expedition of Harrapan for trade to these culture or settlement.
--Navdatoli:
>>southern banks of the Narmada.
>>AKA Malwa Culture
>>Ahar culture phase was followed by the Malwa culture.
>>A lot of stone artefacts, as compared to copper, were found at this culture’s site.
>>Indicating that there might have been a shortage of copper..
 |
| Carnelian Found Naturally in Lothal (GUJRAT) |
 |
| Polished Carlenian Lothal (Gujrat) |
 |
| Steatite Naturally found in South Rajasthan and North Gujrat |
 |
| Harrapan Seal made of Steatite. |
 |
| Swastik symbol in Mohanzodaro |
Socil life:
Man + women = Beads , two piece cloths(Upeer and Lower)
Women= Jewelary, ankelt, bracelt, bangles
FUN= Dice, Marbles, bull fighiting and some times hunting
ARTs
Terracotta figurine
Dancing girls
Pots and jars= geometric figure some had fish motifs
Priest
Dancing girls
Pots and jars= geometric figure some had fish motifs
Priest
Religion
Pashupati à
male god
Mother Godessà female godess
Amulet à belief in Ghost and evil
worhip of Nature (trees , rivers natural force)
Later Linga worship
No evidence of Sati
END Game
Mother Godessà female godess
Amulet à belief in Ghost and evil
worhip of Nature (trees , rivers natural force)
Later Linga worship
 |
| Pashupati seal (bcoz of animals around) identified as Shiva or Rudra |
END Game
Many theories
1)Natural calamities :
Flood, drought, reduction in fertility,earthquake etc.
2)Aryan invasion:
-RigVeda written after harrapa à mentions distruction of Forts
-Mohanzodaro à lots of Human skeleton found here
Mistory= no weapon or armor wit skeleton.
1)Natural calamities :
Flood, drought, reduction in fertility,earthquake etc.
2)Aryan invasion:
-RigVeda written after harrapa à mentions distruction of Forts
-Mohanzodaro à lots of Human skeleton found here
Mistory= no weapon or armor wit skeleton.
Facts:
Administration theroy:
1 king= uniformity in plan and bricks suggest one king in all site
many king= vastnes sugest regional king or group of king
Inequality = nothing special in citadel suggest lesser inequalityàPriest king sculture found is being considered king as was case in Mesopotamia.
Trade = BARTER SYSTEM seals were for identification.
Seal= Swastik symbol +(Mohanzodaro) + Half Human- Half Lion(Mohanzodaro) + animal +Motifs)
Import= stone, metals
Export=consumable like wheat, barley, cotton, and trracotta toy and other artifact
Multiple cropping= two crops grown at right angle in the field.
Administration theroy:
1 king= uniformity in plan and bricks suggest one king in all site
many king= vastnes sugest regional king or group of king
Inequality = nothing special in citadel suggest lesser inequalityàPriest king sculture found is being considered king as was case in Mesopotamia.
Trade = BARTER SYSTEM seals were for identification.
Seal= Swastik symbol +(Mohanzodaro) + Half Human- Half Lion(Mohanzodaro) + animal +Motifs)
Import= stone, metals
Export=consumable like wheat, barley, cotton, and trracotta toy and other artifact
Multiple cropping= two crops grown at right angle in the field.
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