Tamil Nadu History NCERT Chap-4 Class 11

Chapter  4

 Jainism and Buddhism

--6th Cent BCE = Development of Coinage ---> prosperity ↑= urbanization-change in life style =new belies
Precursor:

• Sramana was an ancient Indian religious movement with origins in the Vedic religion. However, it took a divergent path, rejecting Vedic Hindu ritualism and the authority of the Brahmins—the traditional priests of the Hindu religion.
• Sramanas were those who practiced an ascetic, or strict and self-denying, lifestyle in pursuit of spiritual liberation. They are commonly known as monks.
• The Sramana movement gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.

Causes for the rise of Buddhism and Jainism :
--6^th Century BCE === many great thinker across the world ===Zoroaster, Confucius, Lao Tse, mahavir etc
--Republic Gov India=== breeding ground à Rise of Buddha and Mahavira (Hetrodox) against prevailing orthodox  .
--Complex ritual process ///////Hard to understand//////Alternative to ritual === Upnishad
                                                                              ////// But Philosophy  of Upnishad hard to
                                                                                    understand for common people        
--Therefore a simple religion devoid of  ritual,easy to understand ¸in a language known to mass(Prakrit)
--Khatriya were resenting domination of Priestly class.
--Vaishya  through trade  rich ===remained low in rigid caste structure---searching to upgrade their
                                                                                                                          social status.
--It was Vaishya who provided chief support to emerging religions.

Jainism

For Impact of Jainism on Indian Culture(Modern).....click here

--Mahavira born in kundigram  near Vaishali//// 6^th cent BCE

--Mahavira = 24^th trithankara
--in 13^th year of penance = highest spiritual knowledge = kevala gana.
Shrutakevalin is a term used in Jainism for those ascetics who have complete knowledge of Jain
Agama (texts) = Both Digamber +Swetamber had shruta kevalin


--Split in Jainism c.350 BCE
--Jainism spread= South India =under leadership of Bhadrabahu.
--Jainsas under leadership of Bhadrabahu = Digamber =NACKED à à à after the 1st council at Patna by Sthalabahu(who stayed in North India= Swetamber).

--TEACHING OF MAHAVIRA:
                             1)True Faith= belief in teaching of Mahavira
                             2)Right Knowledge=There is no God and world existed without creator.
                                                                   everything has soul, therefore can feel pain
                             3)Right Conduct:
                                                          --Non violence
                                                          --Not to steal
                                                          --Not to lie
                                                          --Not to lead immoral life
                                                          --Not to acquire property

--SPREAD OF JAINISM:
                        1)Jainism spread in western Indian + Karnatka.
                        2)Strategy = Mahavira organized Sangha à propagated the philosophy.
                        3)First jain council === 3^rd century BCE
                        4) Split:
                                  Famine 4^th century BCE North India(Patliputra)
                                  1 sect of jaina went south India Belagola(karnakta)==Bahubali statue(by Ganga ruler  in 981 AD not in 4^th cen BCE)
                                  Another sect left behind in patliputra à wrote angas à when 1^st sect returned they had conflicting opinion à Split in Jainism ===1)Digamber(nude) 2)swetamber(who
                                                   remained in patliputra).
                        5) 2^nd jaina council===5^th century AD ===All (12 angas) angas created in Vallabhi(Gujrat).

BUDDHISM

--born in  lumbini ////6^th cent BCE

--married Yashodhra à boy
--for 13 year followed various teacher ------got enlightenment by self meditation= Bodhi tree.
--Buddha = the enlightened one.
--supported by === Magdha, kosala etc

--Teaching of Buddhism:
                         --Didn’t indulged in metaphysical stuff.==god, soul, rebirth etc
                         --Foussed on practical problems confronting man.
                         --Law of karma = your condition depends on your deeds.
                         --Didn’t argued about god
                         --didn’t criticized openly caste system à but was against social distinction.
                         --Thus Buddhism was more of a social revolution then religious revltuion.
                        
                         --Four noble truth:
                                        --world is full of suffering
                                        --cause of suffering = Desire
                                        --No desire = no suffering
                                        --how to get rid of desire === Eight fold path:
                                                                                             --1—right view
                                                                                              --2—right resolve
                                                                                              --3—right speech
                                                                                              --4—right conduct
                                                                                              --5—right livelihood
                                                                                               --6—right effort
                                                                                               --7—right mindfulness
                                                                                               -- 8—right concentration

--Spread of Buddhism:
                                --two types of flowers 1)monks 2)lay worshippers(Upashikas)
                             --Monks organized Sangha on democratic principal.
                             --Hence was popular in Rpublican state of Kosambi,kosala etc
                              --Highly organized Sangha made it more popular
                                --women and men both were allowed
                                --Special code for nun
                                --several Buddhist council:
                                                                --1^st council= just after Budddha death=Rajgriha
                                                                --2^nd council=383 BCE (4^th cent BCE) = Vaishali
                                                                --3^rd council=Ashoka (3^rd cent BCE) = Patliputra àfinal version of
                                                              Tripitaka completed
                                                                --4^th council=Kanishka –emperor of kushan dynasty
                                                             (2^nd cent AD)=Kashmir à Mahayna sect.
Note: Buddha and Ashoka both belonged to Hinayna Sect
Buddhist text containing buddhas teaching compiled into 3  books(Tripitaka):
1)sutta pitaka  2)Vinay pitaka 3) abhidhamma pitaka  == all written in Pali language on common people
2) Swayambhu Purana = Buddhist book ....explains origin of Kathmandu(Nepal).

Note: India's largest Buddhist Monestry is located in Sikkim.
Pavarana:>>a Buddhist Holy day celbrated on full moon of 11th Lunar month.
>>usually this is marked with end of Rainy Season in countries like Thailand(Theravada Buddhism).
>>on this day each Monks must come before Sangha and atone for offences he may have commited.

Decline of Buddhism:

--Revival of Brahmanism and Bhagwatism à climax during Gupta period 3^rd cent to 6^th cent AD
--By 1^st cent AD Buddhist adopted Sanskrit language leaving Pali
--6^th cent AD---Hun invasion destroyed monestry(also ended the Gupta dynasty)
--12^th cent AD---Turkish Invasion further destroyed Buddhism.

Contribution of Buddhism:
1) concept of Ahinsa
2)Architecture = stupa at Sanchi , Barhut and Gaya
3)education with residential facilities  = Nalanda, Taxila and Vikramshila
4)Local language pali developed
5)Promoted Indian culture in other part of Asia

6th Cent BCE = DHARMASHASHTRA = brahmans started writing. = duty of rulers like tax collection. Raids on neighbouring kingdom was legitimate .