Chapter 2 : sociology NCERT

The demographic structrue of the Indian society.

Types of Demography:
1) Formal Demography
  >Quantitative= Forcasting @ population growth and change in compostition.

 2) Social Demography
   >Reasoning= Reason and consequences of population structure and change.

Theroies

1) Malthusian Theory:
  >Population= GP || Subsistance = AP
  >Famine/Disease = to restore equillibrium b/w Population ans subsistance.
  >Population was caused by Poverty....Communist opposed it, citing mismanagement.

2)The theory of Demographic transition:
  >three stage of population growth:
   1) 1^st stage = high birth & death rate = India
   2) 2^nd stage= transition stage= high birth and low death rate= India
   3) 3^rd Stage= low birth & death rate= India

common idicators :
Sex ratio = no. Of girls /1000 boys
  >naturally emperical evidance= 943-952 girls /1000 boys.
  >but socially we find = 1050 girls/ 1000 boys
  >Why= infancy disease in boys || low life expectancy of boys.

Total fertility rate
   >Summation of all birth rate at different age.
 
Infant/Maternal mortality rate:
  >death of child withing 1 year.
  >death of mother during live birth
  >both high= poverty

Age structure of population
  >no. Of population in particular age/ total population

Population dependancy ratio
>( population below 15 and above 64) /(population b/w 15 and 64).

Demographic dividend
>benefits flowing from changing structure......structure becoming young.
  >always temprory= soon will become old---increasing dependancy ratio.
Issues in Sex Ratio:
Sex ratio = minor improvement.
Child sex ratio(0-6 year)= declining.
sex ratio can be low= maternal mortality affects only women.
But child sex ratio = Low is social issues.
Data below (Image ↓):


Map showing child ses ratio (Image ↓):


--low child sex ratio in developed cities= not poverty or dowry issues...one child preferance so BOY.
--Law to prevent this= Pre natal diagnostic techniques Act.